Fluorescein (medical use)

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Fluorescein
Fluorescein drops being put in the eye before examination
Names
PronunciationFLURE-a-seen
Trade namesFluorescite, AK-Fluor, BioGlo, others
  • 3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one
Clinical data
Drug classDiagnostic agent
Routes of
use		Eye drops, intravenous, by mouth
Defined daily dosenot established[1]
Legal
License data
Legal status
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) [2]
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H12O5
Molar mass332.311 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)OC23C4=C(C=C(C=C4)O)OC5=C3C=CC(=C5)O
  • InChI=1S/C20H12O5/c21-11-5-7-15-17(9-11)24-18-10-12(22)6-8-16(18)20(15)14-4-2-1-3-13(14)19(23)25-20/h1-10,21-22H
  • Key:GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Fluorescein is used to help in the diagnosis of a number of eye problems.[3] When applied as a drop or within a strip of paper to the surface of the eye it is used to help detect eye injuries such as foreign bodies and corneal abrasions.[4][5] When given by mouth or injection into a vein it is used to help evaluate the blood vessels in the back of the eye during fluorescein angiography.[3][6]

When applied to the surface of the eye side effects may include a brief period of blurry vision and discoloration of contact lenses of the soft type.[7][3] When used by mouth or injection side effects may include headache, nausea, and a change to the color of the skin for a brief period of time.[3] Allergic reactions may rarely occur.[3] Fluorescein is a dye which is taken up by damaged cornea such that the area appears green under cobalt blue light.[3] There is also a version that comes premixed with lidocaine.[4][8]

Fluorescein was first made in 1871.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$12.25 per 5 ml bottle.[11] In the United Kingdom a single dose costs the NHS about 0.43 pounds.[4] It is also not very expensive in the United States.[5]

Medical uses

Dosage

The defined daily dose is not established[1]

Brand names

It is also sold as a combination drug with oxybuprocaine under the brand name Altafluor Benox.[12][13]

Other animals

It is also sometimes administered to pets in multi-pet environments to determine which pet needs behavioral modification.[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "Fluorescein sodium 100 mg/ml, solution for injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Duvall, Brian; Kershner, Robert M. (2006). Ophthalmic Medications and Pharmacology. SLACK Incorporated. p. 29. ISBN 9781556427503. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 769, 772. ISBN 9780857111562.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 416. ISBN 9781284057560.
  6. ↑ "Anatera 100mg/ml solution for injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  7. ↑ World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 314. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
  8. ↑ "Minims Lidocaine & Fluorescein Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc)". (emc). 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  9. ↑ Bartlett, Jimmy D.; Jaanus, Siret D. (2008). Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 283. ISBN 0750675764. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  10. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. ↑ "Fluorescein". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  12. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Altafluor Benox (fluorescein sodium and benoxinate hydrochloride ophthalmic solution)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  13. ↑ "Altafluor- fluorescein sodium and benoxinate hydrochloride solution". DailyMed. 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

External links

Identifiers:
  • "Fluorescein". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  • "Fluorescein sodium". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
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