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English⧼Colon⧽ Henipavirus pathogenesis in humans. (left) During the initial state of henipaviruses infection, the respiratory tract and specifically the bronchi and alveoli are affected. Inflammatory mediators are released in consequence; (middle) In a second stage, the virus is systemically disseminated through the blood stream, either freely or attached to the surface of leukocytes; (right) In the late stage of infection, the virus reaches several organs such as the spleen, kidney and central nervous system (CNS), where the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is disrupted and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β are released, ultimately leading to the development of neurological signs.