File:PMC5116206 12918 2016 348 Fig1 HTML.png

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Summary

Author:Wenrui Hao and Avner Friedman,Department of Mathematics, The Penn State University, University Park, Mathematical Biosciences Institute & Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University(Openi/National Library of Medicine) Source:https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC5116206_12918_2016_348_Fig1_HTML&query=&req=4 Description:Fig1: Schematic network in AD: a Amyloid precurser protein (APP) sheds Amyloid β peptides. ROS promotes abnormal production of A β [5, 6], which activates GSK-3 [4, 6, 8]. Activated GSK-3 mediates hyperphosphrylation of tau proteins [4, 6], which results in the formation of NFTs [10] and destruction of microtubules [4, 10], leading to neuron death. b Astrocytes are activated by [10, 16] and TNF- α [14, 15], and they produce MCP-1 [17–19], which attracts macrophages into the tissue [17, 19]. NFT activates microglias [10, 13, 15]. Activated proinflammatory microglias and microphages produce TNF- α and other proinflammatory cytokines [20, 22, 23], while anti-inflammatory microglias and macrophages produce IL-10 and other anti-inflammatory cytokines [20, 22, 23]. Dead neurons release A β and NFTs, and soluble A β oligomers activate microglia [11, 12]. Activated astrocytes secrete A β [16]. A β deposit is reduced through endocytosis by microglia and macrophages [12, 20]