Deltaretrovirus
| Deltaretrovirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Pararnavirae |
| Phylum: | Artverviricota |
| Class: | Revtraviricetes |
| Order: | Ortervirales |
| Family: | Retroviridae |
| Subfamily: | Orthoretrovirinae |
| Genus: | Deltaretrovirus |
| Species | |
Deltaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family. It consists of exogenous horizontally transmitted viruses found in several groups of mammals. As of 2023[update], ICTV lists under this genus the Bovine leukemia virus and three species of primate T-lymphotropic virus.
The genus of viruses is known for its propensity to target immune cells and oncogenity, evident in the names of the four named species.[1] Infection is usually asymptomatic, but inflammation and cancer can develop over time.[2]
Classification
Four species are recognized by the ICTV as of 2023:
- Bovine leukemia virus
- Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1
- Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2
- Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3
Two additional PTLVs are known but not regonized: HTLV-4 (South Cameroon, 2005) and STLV-5 (Mac B43 strain, highly divergent PTLV-1).[3]
In addition, eight endogenous retroviruses identified as Deltaretrovirus are known as of 2019. Two of these were complete enough to show ORFs; the rest only showing long terminal repeats.[1]
Hosts
Known exogenous deltaretroviruses infect cattle and primates.[1]
The two complete endogenous ones were found in bats and dolphins; the others in Solenodon, mongoose, and fossa. These endogenous examples fill in the large gap in the host range.[1]
Clinical relevance
In terms of clinical relevance HTLV-1 is the most significant capable of inducing malignant disease via pathogen; it is a potent oncogenic agent[5]
There is no current vaccine[5]
One finds that treatment focuses on the symptoms of associated diseases[6][5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hron, T; Elleder, D; Gifford, RJ (27 November 2019). "Deltaretroviruses have circulated since at least the Paleogene and infected a broad range of mammalian species". Retrovirology. 16 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s12977-019-0495-9. PMC 6882180. PMID 31775783.
- ↑ Farkašová, H; Hron, T; Pačes, J; Hulva, P; Benda, P; Gifford, RJ; Elleder, D (21 March 2017). "Discovery of an endogenous Deltaretrovirus in the genome of long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (12): 3145–3150. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3145F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1621224114. PMC 5373376. PMID 28280099.
- ↑ Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (July 2011). "HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery, epidemiology, serology and molecular aspects". Viruses. 3 (7): 1074–90. doi:10.3390/v3071074. PMC 3185789. PMID 21994771.
- ↑ Dias, Apio R. N.; Falcão, Luiz F. M.; Falcão, Aline S. C.; Normando, Valéria M. F.; Quaresma, Juarez A. S. (2018). "Human T Lymphotropic Virus and Pulmonary Diseases". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01879/full. ISSN 1664-302X.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bryan, Elizabeth S.; Tadi, Prasanna (2023). "Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2022-11-10. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
- ↑ "New WHO report on Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 highlights strategies for its prevention and control". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
External links
- Deltaretrovirus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Viralzone: Deltaretrovirus Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
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