Deinstitutionalisation (orphanages and children's institutions)

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Former Berlin Pankow orphanage

Deinstitutionalisation is the process of reforming child care systems and closing down orphanages and children's institutions, finding new placements for children currently resident and setting up replacement services to support vulnerable families in non-institutional ways. It became common place in many developed countries in the post war period. It has been taking place in Eastern Europe since the fall of communism and is now encouraged by the EU for new entrants. It is also starting to take hold in Africa and Asia although often at individual institutions rather than statewide. New systems generally cost less than those they replace as many more children are kept within their own family. Although these goals have been made internationally, they are actively being working towards as reform and new reforms are put into practice slowly as is fit for each country.

Countries involved

North America and Western Europe

Deinstitutionalisation largely occurred in the US between 1941 and 1980.[1][2] In the US it was a consequence of the Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA), which allowed Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) to be passed, and meant that children could no longer be removed from their families due to poverty alone.[3] Deinstitutionalisation occurred over a similar period in some Western European countries, although rates varied between countries. In 2009, the European Union began to prioritise deinstitutionalisation among member-states.[4] The European Commission changed its funding regulations to promote deinstitutionalisation and discourage investment of EU funds on residential institutions. This resulted, in particular, from an understanding of the legal framework, including the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights.[5] Deinstitutionalisation also progressed in some South American countries.[6] The current alternative in the US is known as the Foster Care system.

Eastern Europe

Deinstitutionalisation is currently most common in the former Soviet Bloc.[7] Increasingly the institutions that remain in Eastern Europe are occupied by disabled children who can be harder to place in the community.[8] Completing their closure and supporting the development of places they can be cared for in the community is seen as a priority by the EU and that has encouraged many countries wishing to accede to it including the Czech Republic,[9] Romania, whose orphanages are the most infamous in the world,[10][11][12] and Bulgaria.[13][14][15][16] It is also happening in Hungary where no new children can be placed in orphanages.[17] Moldova[18] has made considerable progress, where investment in inclusive education means many children with disabilities can live at home with their families, reducing the need for institutional placements.[19] Ukraine, Belarus and Bosnia. Azerbaijan has established a Department for De-institutionalisation and Child Protection.[20][21]

Africa

The majority of orphanages in Africa are funded by private donors and are often not part of a larger coherent child protection system. In Africa deinstitutionalisation has support from the Governments of Rwanda[22] and Ghana[23][24][25][26] and Ethiopia however as the governments do not run the institutions the process can be more complex.[27] Sudan is also making moves towards deinstitutionalisation with the partial closure of Mygoma Orphanage and the setting up of foster placements for babies abandoned there consistent with the principle of Kafala.[28]

More recently many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have begun to work on the transition from institutional to community-based care for children.[29]

As a whole there is estimated to be about 52 million orphans in Africa, largely due to high mortality rates from various diseases within the continent (HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis), but also due to natural disasters, conflicts or other pregnancy and birth related reasons. In Malawi, some are simply abandoned due to financial of family reasons in orphanages. In 1997 the Chikondri Centre opened, and the founder, Mussa, found that many ended up in "special need’s schools, vocational training, starting small businesses, getting jobs and living independently." In 2014, UNICEF started aiding the Malawi government to support the change from institutionalized care to a more family-centered care, following the global trend to do this across the world. As of 2018, 300 children had been transitioned through this standard.[30]

The Maghreb region in North Africa has some of the highest rates of child institutionalisation in the world: Algeria 550,000, Libya 80–145,000, Mauritania 45,850, Morocco 471,006, and Tunisia 140,000. [31] With high rates of poverty, limited social services and no viable alternative care options, such as foster care, institutionalisation remains an important intervention in child protection processes in the Maghreb, and often the only intervention.

Asia

There are some small scale moves to increase the number of family based placements in China but this is not yet a large scale movement.[32] It is now a priority of NGO's in Nepal[33] and the government in Cambodia. In Malaysia, the government is piloting deinstitutionalisation detailed analysis in Negeri Sembilan State as a pilot project, with the aim of scaling up to the entire country.[34]

Why orphanages are being questioned

More than 4 out of 5 children living in institutions are not orphans.[35] This amount rises to 98% in Eastern Europe.[36] The nature of orphanages means that they often fail to provide the individual sustained attention and stimulation a child would get from growing up within a family. In many cases the children living in them are at risk of harm.[37] There are also many reports of orphanages being abusive[33][38] or having very high death rates.[39] They are a particular issue for babies and children under three years old as they can stop them making the attachments that they should.[37] These attachments can be broken by staff changing jobs and children moving to other rooms as they get older.[40] In reality a very small proportion of AIDS orphans are in orphanages and there is no way orphanages could be a sustainable option for all AIDS orphans, even if it was desirable.[41]

The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP)

This Randomised Controlled Trial is a scientific study that compares the development of children raised in institutions with children raised in birth families and foster care. It is the first study to assess brain functioning among children who have experienced institutionalisation.[42] The study took random samples of 208 children and followed their physical growth, cognitive, emotional and behavioral development over a number of years. The study found that the institutionalised children were severely impaired in IQ and manifested a variety of social and emotional disorders, as well as changes in brain development.[42]

  • For every 2.6 months spent in a Romanian institution a child falls behind one month of normal growth
  • Institutionalised children had significantly lower IQs and levels of brain activity than the other children, especially those who were institutionalised at a young age
  • Children in institutions were far more likely to have social and behavioural abnormalities, including aggressive behaviour problems, attention problems and hyperactivity and a syndrome that mimics autism.
  • This syndrome and the behaviours reduce when the child is placed in a family.[43] However, the earlier an institutionalised child was placed into foster care, the better the recovery.[42]

The Lancet Commission

In 2020, the Lancet Journal published the findings of the Lancet Group Commission on institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children, including a systematic and integrative review of evidence regarding effects on development.[44] This meta-analysis of 308 studies found strong negative associations between institutional care and children's development, especially in relation to physical growth, cognition and attention. Significant but smaller associations were found between institutionalisation and socioemotional development and mental health. Leaving institutions for foster or family care is associated with significant recovery from some developmental outcomes (e.g. growth and cognition) but not for others (e.g. attention). The length of time in institutions was associated with increased risk of adverse sequalae and diminished chance of recovery. The Commission concluded that reducing the number of children entering institutions and increasing the number leaving institutions is urgently needed.[45]

Universal Health Coverage 2030 has an aim for these to include "advocacy, accountability, knowledge exchange and learning, and civil society engagement" supported multilaterally by UNESCO, the World Bank, and UNICEF under the Global Partnership for Education to focus on accomplishing this by strengthening the education systems in low-income countries. The focus and guidelines for international policies is to transform care systems based on the idea that children thrive and are supported the best in a family-based environment.

Some examples of this in action include the UK Aid Direct funding guidance from the UK Government's Department for International Development, which prevents private rather than governmental funding proposals from trying to form child institutions. Similarly, the US has the Advancing Protection and Care for Children in Adversity under its government strategy from 2019 to 2023, which states its intentions to fund family-first in international development and funding. Additionally, part of the problem has also included volunteerism, and in response, foreign policy has been created to limit and properly address this. Of all the foreign legislation, Australia has the most comprehensive model on developing specific legislation on what volunteering in children's institutions looks likes. Faith-based organisations, which often lead these efforts, engage in discussions of voluntourism and the negative consequences of supporting institutions.[46]

Priorities for children living in institutions

It is considered important that all institution-to-home transitions must be accompanied by adequate preparation through individual and group counseling.[47][48] The development of social work teams to manage fostering and adoption programs is also considered important.[49] The goal for national plans revolved around informed international experience and guidelines, working and partnering with other countries and organizations to ensure that the process, timing and phasing are done realistically, with a proper focus on children with their families, and adequately provide for a variety of needs, from early intervention to alternative care. Additionally, there is a focus that it is ethically done and effectively monitored and avaluated, and promotes access to programs and services that address and support the placement of children in families, as well as undergirds children who are at lisk for losing their family or without parental care.

[46]

Reunification with family

When possible, children are reunited with their birth or extended family. This may require short term psychosocial or financial support but is generally seen as the ideal.[50]

Support to transition into independent living

Children transitioning out of care and into the community may need significant support as their life skills may be limited. Failure to prepare them can cause a significant number of them to return to institutions in later life or end up in crime or prostitution.[51]

Adoption

Domestic adoption is adoption within the home country. Until a country's child protection system is well developed the adoption of children internationally is at risk of corruption.[52][53]

Long term fostering

Long term fostering, defined as fostering for over a year, can often bridge the time between the closure of an institution and independent life.[54]

Small group homes

Small group homes or family type homes - ideally with 8 or fewer children - can provide life-time care for the most disabled children or act as a half way house where children leaving an institution can learn to live in a family.[55][56]

Longer term replacement services

The majority of orphans are absorbed within their own extended families. This is commonly known as alternative family care. Many efforts for the long-term care of children without parental care have this at their heart.[57] Successful deinstitutionalisation is accompanied by building the capacity of social services to run fostering and adoption services for new children at risk of separation. Other support structures for families at risk of separation can include facilities such as day care centres for disabled children[16] or young babies. These can allow a mother to go to work so that she can earn a wage and support her family.[58] After school clubs may also meet a similar need.

Young mothers may be ostracized by their families. A mother and baby support arrangement can assist them in their early days together. This can be enhanced with counselling to the grandparents and extended family. This is a much shorter intervention which keeps families together at less cost and without harm to the child. Hasty deinstitutionalisation, closing the institution and reuniting the children, without properly thought out alternatives can be detrimental.[59]

Setting up new services is not only considered better for the social, physical and cognitive development of children, but its cost can be as low as one-sixth the cost of institutionalized care once the costs of making the transition have been funded.[60][61]

Ending the Institutionalisation of Children Globally, The Time is Now

References

  1. ^ Jones, Marshall B (September 1993). "Decline of the American Orphanage: 1941-1980". Social Service Review. 67 (3): 459–480. doi:10.1086/603999. JSTOR 30012508. S2CID 144582704.
  2. ^ Crenson, Matthew A. (2001). Building the invisible orphanage: a prehistory of the American welfare system. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00554-9.
  3. ^ Baker, C. Truett (2010). Welcoming the children: history and programs of Arizona Baptist Children's Services, 1960-2002 (2nd ed.). Arizona Baptist Children's Services. ISBN 978-1-4535-6290-1.
  4. ^ "REPORT ON THE TRANSITION FROM INSTITUTIONAL CARE TO COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES IN 27 EU MEMBER STATES" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Transition from institutional to community-based services (Deinstitutionalisation)". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  6. ^ Innocenti Research Centre (2003). Children in institutions: the beginning of the end? : the cases of Italy, Spain, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (PDF). Florence, Italy: UNICEF International Child Development Centre. ISBN 978-88-85401-86-0. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  7. ^ "At Home or in a home? Formal care and adoption of children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia" (PDF). UNICEF. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  8. ^ Walker, G. (23 March 2011). "Postcommunist Deinstitutionalization of Children With Disabilities in Romania: Human Rights, Adoption, and the Ecology of Disabilities in Romania". Journal of Disability Policy Studies. doi:10.1177/1044207310394853.
  9. ^ Contiguglia, Cat (27 October 2010). "Foster care faces strain". The Prague Post. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  10. ^ "Moving Children out of harmful institutions and back into families". Absolute Return for Kids. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  11. ^ Pertman, Adam (20 July 2000). "Vermont adoption case outrages Romanians". Rutland Herald. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  12. ^ Levin, Angela (15 November 2010). "My glimpse of hell and the pitiful children who have been betrayed". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  13. ^ "Three Bulgarian girls in orphanage accuse their teachers of abuse". FOCUS Information Agency. 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  14. ^ Uzunova, Bistra; Welle, Deutsche (29 January 2011). "Bulgaria's Children of a Lesser God". Standard. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  15. ^ "Bulgaria: Bulgaria to Start Moving Children from Orphanages" (Press release). Novinite. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  16. ^ a b "Deinstitutionalisation of children services". European Social Network. Retrieved 23 August 2011.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "Swedish Government's Human Rights Website" (PDF) (in Swedish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  18. ^ S., Penny (24 June 2011). "Overwhelming Task of Providing Care for Orphans in Moldova". Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  19. ^ "Lumos Foundation - Moldova". Zero Project. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  20. ^ "Supporting Azerbaijani deinstitutionalisation efforts". European Social Network. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  21. ^ "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Azerbaijan Office Representative Hanna Singer draws attention of society to challenges of children". UNDP Azerbaijan Development Bulletin. 9 April 2005. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  22. ^ "Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion - WORKSHOP OF THE DEINSTITUTIONALISATION PROJECT". Migeprof.gov.rw. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  23. ^ "Orphan Aid Africa". Oafrica.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  24. ^ "Orphans and Vulnerable Children" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ "15 orphanages closed down". ModernGhana.com. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  26. ^ "Lessons Learnt During De-institutionalisation 2007/8" (PDF). OrphanAid Africa. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  27. ^ "Children's Investment Fund Foundation". Ciff.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  28. ^ "UNICEF Humanitarian Action Report 2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ "Infant care in sub-Saharan Africa". Child Care and Culture. 1994. pp. 22–54. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511720321.004. ISBN 978-0-521-57546-1.
  30. ^ "Does deinstitutionalisation offer the best outcome for Africa's 52 million orphans?". Equal Times. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  31. ^ Baghdadi, F.; Rauktis, M. E.; Hands, C.; John, A.; Khanom, A.; El Mhamdi, S.; Soussi, A.; Snooks, H. (1 February 2024). "Using a systems perspective to examine child protection systems and practice: A scoping review on child abandonment and institutionalisation in the Maghreb". Children and Youth Services Review. 157: 107382. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107382. ISSN 0190-7409.
  32. ^ "Background to COCOA - Care of China's Orphaned and Abandoned children". COCOA. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  33. ^ a b "News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual". Myrepublica.Com. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  34. ^ "Moving towards a national implementation of a family based care system in Malaysia through the deinstitutionalisation of children (DI)". Yayasan Hasanah. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  35. ^ "Online library: Save the Children UK". Savethechildren.org.uk. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ^ Browne, K.; Hamilton-Giachritsis, C; Johnson, R; Ostergren, M (February 2006). "Overuse of institutional care for children in Europe". BMJ. 332 (7539): 485–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7539.485. PMC 1382554. PMID 16497769.
  37. ^ a b "The Risk of Harm to Young Children in Institutional Care". Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ "Abandoned to the State: Cruelty and Neglect in Russian Orphanages" (PDF). Save the Children. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ^ "Sudan". Doctors Without Borders. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  40. ^ "Keeping Children Out of Harmful Institutions" (PDF). Save the Children. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ^ "Mark Canavera: Moving Beyond "AIDS Orphans"". HuffPost. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  42. ^ a b c Nelson, Charles A. (2014). Romania's Abandoned Children. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674726079. ISBN 978-0-674-72607-9.
  43. ^ "The Bucharest Early Intervention Project" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  44. ^ "Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children". www.thelancet.com. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  45. ^ Goldman, Philip S; van Ijzendoorn, Marinus H; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J S (November 2020). "Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children – Authors' reply". The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 4 (11): e41. doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30302-3. PMID 32979310. S2CID 221955459.
  46. ^ a b Goldman, Philip S; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J; Bradford, Beth; Christopoulos, Alex; Ken, Patricia Lim Ah; Cuthbert, Christopher; Duchinsky, Robbie; Fox, Nathan A; Grigoras, Stela; Gunnar, Megan R; Ibrahim, Rawan W (August 2020). "Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children 2: policy and practice recommendations for global, national, and local actors". The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health. 4 (8): 606–633. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30060-2. ISSN 2352-4642. PMC 7311356. PMID 32589873.
  47. ^ "Microsoft Word - 4.6.07 manual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  48. ^ "Report on Wilton Park Conference WP1010" (PDF). Child Rights International Network. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  49. ^ "Child's i Foundation". Childsifoundation.org. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  50. ^ "Reuniting Children With Their Families" (PDF). Unicef. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ^ "Children Leaving Care; For Barnardo's Every Child Matters". Barnardos.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  52. ^ "Joseph Aguettant on Nepali adoption". BBC News. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  53. ^ "The United States and UNICEF wage war against international adoptions | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  54. ^ "Development of alternative services including foster care in context of child protection system reform – experience of Bulgaria" (PDF). SAPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  55. ^ "De-Institutionalising and T... | Terre des hommes – Child Protection in Europe". Tdh-childprotection.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  56. ^ "Hope for the abandoned - Europe, World". The Independent. 9 September 2004. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  57. ^ Roby, Jini L. (2011). "Children in Informal Alternative Care" (PDF). Child Rights International Network. United Nations Children’s Fund. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  58. ^ "Real lives - Alternatives to institutionalisation of children". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  59. ^ "Friends of Bulgaria - Mogilino - Reactions". Sitekreator.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  60. ^ "A Study of Institutional Childcare in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union" (PDF). EveryChild. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  61. ^ "Return to Investment in Child Welfare Reform" (PDF). USAID. 10 April 2009: 4. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

Organizations involved in Deinstitutionalisation
Resources for professionals
Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation_(orphanages_and_children%27s_institutions)"