Cyclodestruction
Cyclodestruction or cycloablation is a surgical procedure done in management of glaucoma. Cyclodestruction reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) of the eye by decreasing production of aqueous humor by the destruction of ciliary body. Until the development of safer and less destructive techniques like micropulse diode cyclophotocoagulation and endocyclophotocoagulation, cyclodestructive surgeries were mainly done in refractory glaucoma, or advanced glaucomatous eyes with poor visual prognosis.[1]
Types
Cyclodestruction may be done by using diathermy, penetrating cyclodiathermy, cryotherapy, ultrasound, laser or by surgical excision.[2]
Cyclophotocoagulation
Cyclophotocoagulation (CPC), the most common cyclodestructive procedure is done using laser beam of different wavelengths. Ruby laser (693 nm wavelength), Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength) or diode laser (810 nm wavelength) can be used to perform CPC.[2] Commomon cyclophotocoagulation techniques include transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TS-CPC), continuous-wave diode cyclophotocoagulation (CW-TSCPC), MicroPulse diode cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC), endocyclophotocoagulation (ECP) and high-intensity focused ultrasound cyclodestruction (HIFU). Complications are lesser with Trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation and Endoscopic diode laser cyclophotocoagulation.[3][4][5]
Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation
Diode laser with a wavelength of 810 nm is used to perform trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation.[2] In TS-CPC, the laser absorbed by melanin of ciliary processes causes photocoagulation.[6] Since it is a painful procedure, TS-CPC is usually performed under retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia.[2] Micropulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC), a modified TS-CPC procedure is a more safer procedure.[7]
Endocyclophotocoagulation
Endocyclophotocoagulation (ECP) or endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation using an endoscope allows direct view of the ciliary processes during surgery.[8] Compared to TS-CPC, tissue disruption is lesser with ECP.[8]
Cyclocryotherapy
Cyclocryotherapy is done by freezing the ciliary processes of the eye.[4] In neovascular glaucoma, cyclocryotherapy is advices when medical control of IOP is not possible.[9]
Complications
Inflammation, retinal detachment, hypotony, phthisis bulbi and sympathetic ophthalmia are some common complications of cyclodestructive procedures.[4] Since there is risk of inflammation which lead to hypotony and phthisis bulbi, cyclophotocoagulation must be done with extreme caution in uveitic glaucoma.[10] Pain, hyphema and iridocyclitis are possible complications of TS-CPC.[2] Fibrin exudates, hyphema, cystoid macular edema and loss of vision are possible complications of ECP.
History
The first surgical procedures to reduce intraocular pressure of the eye, by decreasing production of aqueous humor, by damaging the ciliary body by diathermy, penetrating cyclodiathermy or surgical excision was done in the early twentieth century.[1] Cyclodestruction by diathermy was first performed by Weve in 1933.[11] In 1949, Berens et al. described cyclo-electrolysis.[11] Cyclocryotherapy was first described by Bietti in 1950.[12] Cyclodestruction by cyclophotocoagulation was first performed by Beckman et al., in 1972, using a ruby laser.[13] ECP was developed by Martin Uram in 1992.[14]
References
- ^ a b Dastiridou, Anna I.; Katsanos, Andreas; Denis, Philippe; Francis, Brian A.; Mikropoulos, Dimitrios G.; Teus, Miguel A.; Konstas, Anastasios-Georgios (2018). "Cyclodestructive Procedures in Glaucoma: A Review of Current and Emerging Options". Advances in Therapy. 35 (12): 2103–2127. doi:10.1007/s12325-018-0837-3. ISSN 0741-238X. PMC 6267695. PMID 30448885.
- ^ a b c d e "Cyclodestructive Procedures in Treatment of Glaucoma - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org.
- ^ Bloom, P. A.; Tsai, J. C.; Sharma, K.; Miller, M. H.; Rice, N. S.; Hitchings, R. A.; Khaw, P. T. (September 1997). ""Cyclodiode". Trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of advanced refractory glaucoma". Ophthalmology. 104 (9): 1508–1519, discussion 1519–1520. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30109-2. ISSN 0161-6420. PMID 9307649.
- ^ a b c "Glaucoma: Cyclodestruction". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 8 November 2015.
- ^ Ataullah, S; Biswas, S; Artes, P H; O'Donoghue, E; Ridgway, A E A; Spencer, A F (January 2002). "Long term results of diode laser cycloablation in complex glaucoma using the Zeiss Visulas II system". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 86 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.1.39. ISSN 0007-1161. PMC 1770983. PMID 11801501.
- ^ Tan, Nicholas Y. Q.; Ang, Marcus; Chan, Anita S. Y.; Barathi, Veluchamy A.; Tham, Clement C.; Barton, Keith; Sng, Chelvin C. A. (10 December 2019). "Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation and its histological effects on the conjunctiva". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18703. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918703T. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55102-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6904490. PMID 31822709. S2CID 209169390.
- ^ "Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org.
- ^ a b Falkenberry, Suzanne M.; Siegfried, Carla J. (2009). "Endocyclophotocoagulation". Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology. 16 (3): 130–133. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.56225. ISSN 0974-9233. PMC 2813596. PMID 20142978.
- ^ Bowling, Brad (2016). Kanski's clinical ophthalmology : a systematic approach (Eighth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-7020-5572-0.
- ^ Ramakrishnan, R. (2013). Diagnosis and Management of Glaucoma. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Pvt. Ltd. p. 394. ISBN 978-93-5025-578-0.
- ^ a b Themes, U. F. O. (7 March 2021). "Cyclodestruction". Ento Key.
- ^ Sinha, Ajit; Rahman, A. (1 March 1984). "Cyclocryotherapy in absolute glaucoma". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 32 (2): 77. ISSN 0301-4738.
- ^ Anand, Nandita; Klug, Emma; Nirappel, Abraham; Solá-Del Valle, David (17 August 2020). "A Review of Cyclodestructive Procedures for the Treatment of Glaucoma". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 35 (5–6): 261–275. doi:10.1080/08820538.2020.1810711. ISSN 0882-0538. PMID 32936725. S2CID 221769458.
- ^ "Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org.