Coconut water

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Not to be confused with coconut milk or water coconut (dừa nước).
"Coconut juice" redirects here. For the song, see Coconut Juice (song).
A young coconut, ready to drink with a straw
Coconut water from a mature coconut
Coconut-water vendor on donkey cart, c. 1950. Port of Spain.

Coconut water (also coconut juice) is the clear liquid inside young coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). In early development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. As growth continues, the endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut pulp.[1] The liquid inside young coconuts is sometimes preferred to the liquid of a ripened coconut. Coconut water from young green coconuts is also known specifically as buko juice in Philippine English.[2]

Harvesting

Fresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they are green. A hole may be bored into the coconut to provide access to the "meat" (liquid and pulp). In young coconuts, the liquid and air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts that have fallen to the ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or other animals.

Products

Plain coconut water has long been a popular drink in tropical countries, where it is available fresh, canned, or bottled.

Coconuts for drinking are served chilled, fresh, or packaged. They are often sold by street vendors who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front of customers. Coconut water for retail can be found in ordinary aluminum cans, Tetra Paks, glass bottles or plastic bottles, sometimes with coconut pulp or coconut jelly included.

Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar (though coconut sap is used more often). It is also used to make nata de coco, a jelly-like food.

Nutritional value

Coconut water
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy79 kJ (19 kcal)
3.71 g
Sugars2.61 g
Dietary fiber1.1 g
0.20 g
Saturated0.176 g
Monounsaturated0.008 g
Polyunsaturated0.002 g
0.72 g
Tryptophan0.008 g
Threonine0.026 g
Isoleucine0.028 g
Leucine0.053 g
Lysine0.032 g
Methionine0.013 g
Cystine0.014 g
Phenylalanine0.037 g
Tyrosine0.022 g
Valine0.044 g
Arginine0.118 g
Histidine0.017 g
Alanine0.037 g
Aspartic acid0.070 g
Glutamic acid0.165 g
Glycine0.034 g
Proline0.030 g
Serine0.037 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.030 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
4%
0.057 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.080 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
1%
0.043 mg
Vitamin B6
2%
0.032 mg
Folate (B9)
1%
3 μg
Choline
0%
1.1 mg
Vitamin C
3%
2.4 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
24 mg
Copper
4%
0.04 mg
Iron
2%
0.29 mg
Magnesium
6%
25 mg
Manganese
6%
0.142 mg
Phosphorus
2%
20 mg
Potassium
8%
250 mg
Selenium
2%
1 μg
Sodium
5%
105 mg
Zinc
1%
0.10 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water95 g
Full link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4]

Providing 79 kilojoules (19 kilocalories) of food energy in a 100-millilitre (3+1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce) amount, coconut water is 95% water and 4% carbohydrates, with protein and total fat content under 1% each (see the table). Coconut water contains small amounts of vitamins and dietary minerals, all under 10% of the Daily Value (DV).

Risks

One potential (but apparently quite rare) health risk arising from excessive consumption of coconut water is an overabundance of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia), inducing acute kidney failure, heart arrhythmia, loss of consciousness and eventually death.[5][6] This effect is exceedingly rare considering 8 fluid ounces (2.37 dl) of commercially available coconut water contains only 8% of the daily recommended dose of potassium. Hyperkalemia and loss of consciousness after the consumption of several liters of coconut water were reported only as a clinical case study in association with one individual's use of a commercial product following physical exertion.[6]

The Food and Drug Administration has identified a risk of bacterial contamination in coconut water sold as "raw".[7]

Anecdotal sources describe coconut water being used in the southern part of India for senicide, the killing of elderly people, a procedure known as thalaikoothal.[8] In this custom, the elderly person is made to drink an excessive amount of coconut water, eventually resulting in fever and death, the exact causes of which have not been determined.[8]

Commercialization

See also: 2010s in food

Since the early 21st century, coconut water has been marketed in Western countries as a natural energy or sports drink having low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte content.

False advertising

Marketing claims attributing health benefits to coconut water are not based on science and are disallowed by certain regulatory agencies like the United States Food and Drug Administration which warned producers about misleading marketing claims that coconut water is antiviral, can lower cholesterol, can regulate blood glucose levels, and other false claims, as inappropriate for the product.[9][10]

Some companies have faced class-action lawsuits over false advertising claims that the product was "super-hydrating", "nutrient-packed", and "mega-electrolyte".[11] The plaintiffs also alleged that one company, Vita Coco, falsely claimed that its product had "15 times the electrolytes found in sports drinks" and misrepresented the levels of sodium and magnesium as advertised. The company denied any wrongdoing and settled the lawsuit for US$10 million in April 2012.[11]

Medical use in Cambodia

Although substituting coconut water for saline is not recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979.[12][13] The Documentation Center of Cambodia cited the practice of allowing untrained nurses to administer green coconut water during the Pol Pot regime as a crime against humanity.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Janick J, Paull RE (2008). Cocos in The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. pp. 109–113. ISBN 978-0851996387. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  2. ^ Chanco, Boo (16 September 2009). "Buko juice: The next big thing!". PhilStar Global. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  3. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  4. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Rees, Richard; Barnett, Joe; Marks, Daniel; George, Marc (September 2012). "Coconut water-induced hyperkalaemia". British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 73 (9): 534. doi:10.12968/hmed.2012.73.9.534. PMID 23124410.
  6. ^ a b Hakimian, J; Goldbarg, SH; Park, CH; Kerwin, TC (2014). "Death by coconut". Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 7 (1): 180–181. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000941. PMID 24550410. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015.
  7. ^ Martinez-Belkin N (2 December 2014). ""Raw" Coconut Water Under Scrutiny of the FDA". BevNet. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b Shahina, KK (20 November 2010). "Mother, shall I put you to sleep?". Tehelka Magazine. 7 (46). Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  9. ^ Martinez-Belkin N (2 December 2014). ""Raw" Coconut Water Under Scrutiny of the FDA". BevNet.com.
  10. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (29 October 2014). "Coconut products can never claim to be 'healthy' because of the saturated fats, says legal expert". foodnavigator-usa.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Vita Coco coconut water settles class action lawsuit". Lexology. Manatt Phelps & Phillips LLP. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  12. ^ Barclay, Eliza (15 August 2011). "Coconut Water To The Rescue? Parsing The Medical Claims". NPR. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  13. ^ Short, Philip (2006). Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0805080063.
  14. ^ Vilim, Laura (2012). "'Keeping Them Alive, One Gets Nothing; Killing Them, One Loses Nothing': Prosecuting Khmer Rouge Medical Practices as Crimes against Humanity" (PDF). Georgetown University Law Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.

External links

Media related to Coconut water at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Coconut_water"