Caesium iodide

Caesium iodide
	; CsI crystal
	; Scintillating CsI crystal
	; Crystal structure
Names
	IUPAC name Caesium iodide
	Other names Cesium iodide
Identifiers
CAS Number	7789-17-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	23003 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.223
EC Number	232-145-2;
PubChem CID	24601;
RTECS number	FL0350000;
UNII	U1P3GVC56L;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3064859 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Cs.HI/h;1H/q+1;/p-1 Key: XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M ; InChI=1/Cs.HI/h;1H/q+1;/p-1 Key: XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-REWHXWOFAA;
	SMILES [Cs+].[I-];
Properties
Chemical formula	CsI
Molar mass	259.809 g/mol
Appearance	white crystalline solid
Density	4.51 g/cm3
Melting point	632 °C (1,170 °F; 905 K)
Boiling point	1,280 °C (2,340 °F; 1,550 K)
Solubility in water	848 g/L (25 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-82.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.9790 (0.3 µm); 1.7873 (0.59 µm); 1.7694 (0.75 µm); 1.7576 (1 µm); 1.7428 (5 µm); 1.7280 (20 µm)
Structure
Crystal structure	CsCl, cP2
Space group	Pm3m, No. 221
Lattice constant	a = 0.4503 nm
Lattice volume (V)	0.0913 nm3
Formula units (Z)	1
Coordination geometry	Cubic (Cs+); Cubic (I−)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	52.8 J/mol·K
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	123.1 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−346.6 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)	-340.6 kJ/mol
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H317, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	2386 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Other anions	Caesium fluoride; Caesium chloride; Caesium bromide; Caesium astatide
Other cations	Lithium iodide; Sodium iodide; Potassium iodide; Rubidium iodide; Francium iodide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Caesium iodide or cesium iodide (chemical formula CsI) is the ionic compound of caesium and iodine. It is often used as the input phosphor of an X-ray image intensifier tube found in fluoroscopy equipment. Caesium iodide photocathodes are highly efficient at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths.^[7]

Synthesis and structure

Monatomic caesium halide wires grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes.^[8]

Bulk caesium iodide crystals have the cubic CsCl crystal structure, but the structure type of nanometer-thin CsI films depends on the substrate material – it is CsCl for mica and NaCl for LiF, NaBr and NaCl substrates.^[9]

Caesium iodide atomic chains can be grown inside double-wall carbon nanotubes. In such chains I atoms appear brighter than Cs atoms in electron micrographs despite having a smaller mass. This difference was explained by the charge difference between Cs atoms (positive), inner nanotube walls (negative) and I atoms (negative). As a result, Cs atoms are attracted to the walls and vibrate more strongly than I atoms, which are pushed toward the nanotube axis.^[8]

Properties

Solubility of Csl in water^[10]
Т (°C)	0	10	20	25	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
S (wt%)	30.9	37.2	43.2	45.9	48.6	53.3	57.3	60.7	63.6	65.9	67.7	69.2

Applications

An important application of caesium iodide crystals, which are scintillators, is electromagnetic calorimetry in experimental particle physics. Pure CsI is a fast and dense scintillating material with relatively low light yield that increases significantly with cooling.^[11] It shows two main emission components: one in the near ultraviolet region at the wavelength of 310 nm and one at 460 nm. The drawbacks of CsI are a high temperature gradient and a slight hygroscopicity.

Caesium iodide is used as a beamsplitter in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. It has a wider transmission range than the more common potassium bromide beamsplitters, working range into the far infrared. However, optical-quality CsI crystals are very soft and hard to cleave or polish. They should also be coated (typically with germanium) and stored in a desiccator, to minimize interaction with atmospheric water vapors.^[12]

In addition to image intensifier input phosphors, caesium iodide is often also used in medicine as the scintillating material in flat panel x-ray detectors.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Cesium iodide. U.S. National Library of Medicine
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Haynes, p. 4.57
^ Haynes, p. 4.132
^ Haynes, p. 10.240
^ Huang, Tzuen-Luh; Ruoff, Arthur L. (1984). "Equation of state and high-pressure phase transition of CsI". Physical Review B. 29 (2): 1112. Bibcode:1984PhRvB..29.1112H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.29.1112.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Haynes, p. 5.10
^ Kowalski, M. P.; Fritz, G. G.; Cruddace, R. G.; Unzicker, A. E.; Swanson, N. (1986). "Quantum efficiency of cesium iodide photocathodes at soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths". Applied Optics. 25 (14): 2440. Bibcode:1986ApOpt..25.2440K. doi:10.1364/AO.25.002440. PMID 18231513.
^ ^a ^b Senga, Ryosuke; Komsa, Hannu-Pekka; Liu, Zheng; Hirose-Takai, Kaori; Krasheninnikov, Arkady V.; Suenaga, Kazu (2014). "Atomic structure and dynamic behaviour of truly one-dimensional ionic chains inside carbon nanotubes". Nature Materials. 13 (11): 1050–4. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13.1050S. doi:10.1038/nmat4069. PMID 25218060.
^ Schulz, L. G. (1951). "Polymorphism of cesium and thallium halides". Acta Crystallographica. 4 (6): 487–489. doi:10.1107/S0365110X51001641.
^ Haynes, p. 5.191
^ Mikhailik, V.; Kapustyanyk, V.; Tsybulskyi, V.; Rudyk, V.; Kraus, H. (2015). "Luminescence and scintillation properties of CsI: A potential cryogenic scintillator". Physica Status Solidi B. 252 (4): 804–810. arXiv:1411.6246. Bibcode:2015PSSBR.252..804M. doi:10.1002/pssb.201451464. S2CID 118668972.
^ Sun, Da-Wen (2009). Infrared Spectroscopy for Food Quality Analysis and Control. Academic Press. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-08-092087-0.
^ Lança, Luís; Silva, Augusto (2012). "Digital Radiography Detectors: A Technical Overview" (PDF). Digital Imaging Systems for Plain Radiography. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5067-2_2. hdl:10400.21/1932. ISBN 978-1-4614-5066-5.

Cited sources

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.

[chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov-1] Cesium iodide. U.S. National Library of Medicine

[b92-2] Haynes, p. 4.57

[3] Haynes, p. 4.132

[4] Haynes, p. 10.240

[str2-5] Huang, Tzuen-Luh; Ruoff, Arthur L. (1984). "Equation of state and high-pressure phase transition of CsI". Physical Review B. 29 (2): 1112. Bibcode:1984PhRvB..29.1112H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.29.1112.

[b92t-6] Haynes, p. 5.10

[7] Kowalski, M. P.; Fritz, G. G.; Cruddace, R. G.; Unzicker, A. E.; Swanson, N. (1986). "Quantum efficiency of cesium iodide photocathodes at soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths". Applied Optics. 25 (14): 2440. Bibcode:1986ApOpt..25.2440K. doi:10.1364/AO.25.002440. PMID 18231513.

[chain-8] Senga, Ryosuke; Komsa, Hannu-Pekka; Liu, Zheng; Hirose-Takai, Kaori; Krasheninnikov, Arkady V.; Suenaga, Kazu (2014). "Atomic structure and dynamic behaviour of truly one-dimensional ionic chains inside carbon nanotubes". Nature Materials. 13 (11): 1050–4. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13.1050S. doi:10.1038/nmat4069. PMID 25218060.

[str-9] Schulz, L. G. (1951). "Polymorphism of cesium and thallium halides". Acta Crystallographica. 4 (6): 487–489. doi:10.1107/S0365110X51001641.

[10] Haynes, p. 5.191

[11] Mikhailik, V.; Kapustyanyk, V.; Tsybulskyi, V.; Rudyk, V.; Kraus, H. (2015). "Luminescence and scintillation properties of CsI: A potential cryogenic scintillator". Physica Status Solidi B. 252 (4): 804–810. arXiv:1411.6246. Bibcode:2015PSSBR.252..804M. doi:10.1002/pssb.201451464. S2CID 118668972.

[Sun2009-12] Sun, Da-Wen (2009). Infrared Spectroscopy for Food Quality Analysis and Control. Academic Press. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-08-092087-0.

[13] Lança, Luís; Silva, Augusto (2012). "Digital Radiography Detectors: A Technical Overview" (PDF). Digital Imaging Systems for Plain Radiography. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5067-2_2. hdl:10400.21/1932. ISBN 978-1-4614-5066-5.

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Names
CsI crystal
Scintillating CsI crystal
Crystal structure

IUPAC name Caesium iodide
Other names Cesium iodide
Identifiers
CAS Number	7789-17-5^Y^[1]
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	23003^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.223
EC Number	232-145-2
PubChem CID	24601
RTECS number	FL0350000
UNII	U1P3GVC56L
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3064859
InChI InChI=1S/Cs.HI/h;1H/q+1;/p-1^Y Key: XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M^Y InChI=1/Cs.HI/h;1H/q+1;/p-1 Key: XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-REWHXWOFAA
SMILES [Cs+].[I-]
Properties
Chemical formula	CsI
Molar mass	259.809 g/mol^[2]
Appearance	white crystalline solid
Density	4.51 g/cm³^[2]
Melting point	632 °C (1,170 °F; 905 K)^[2]
Boiling point	1,280 °C (2,340 °F; 1,550 K)^[2]
Solubility in water	848 g/L (25 °C)^[2]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-82.6·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol^[3]
Refractive index (n_D)	1.9790 (0.3 µm) 1.7873 (0.59 µm) 1.7694 (0.75 µm) 1.7576 (1 µm) 1.7428 (5 µm) 1.7280 (20 µm)^[4]
Structure
Crystal structure	CsCl, cP2
Space group	Pm3m, No. 221^[5]
Lattice constant	a = 0.4503 nm
Lattice volume (V)	0.0913 nm³
Formula units (Z)	1
Coordination geometry	Cubic (Cs⁺) Cubic (I⁻)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	52.8 J/mol·K^[6]
Std molar entropy (S^⦵₂₉₈)	123.1 J/mol·K^[6]
Std enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH^⦵₂₉₈)	−346.6 kJ/mol^[6]
Gibbs free energy (Δ_fG^⦵)	-340.6 kJ/mol^[6]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H317, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
Flash point	Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD₅₀ (median dose)	2386 mg/kg (oral, rat)^[1]
Related compounds
Other anions	Caesium fluoride Caesium chloride Caesium bromide Caesium astatide
Other cations	Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Potassium iodide Rubidium iodide Francium iodide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is ^YN ?) Infobox references