Bromocriptine

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Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine.svg
Bromocriptine ball-and-stick.png
Names
Trade namesParlodel, Cycloset, others[1]
Other namesBromocriptine mesilate, bromocriptine mesylate, 2-Bromoergocriptine; CB-154
  • (5′α)-2-Bromo-12′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methylpropyl)-3′,6′,18-trioxo-2′-(propan-2-yl)ergotaman
Clinical data
Main usesProlactinoma, Parkinson's disease, acromegaly, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, type 2 diabetes, to stop milk production[2][3][4]
Side effectsNausea, headache, tiredness, dizziness, constipation, sleepiness[3]
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: A
Routes of
use
By mouth
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682079
Legal
Legal status
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability28% of oral dose
MetabolismExtensively liver-mediated
Elimination half-life12–14 hours
Excretion85% bile (feces), 2.5–5.5% urine
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC32H40BrN5O5
Molar mass654.606 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • BrC1=C(C[C@H]2N(C)C3)C4=C(C=CC=C4C2=C[C@H]3C(N[C@]5(C(C)C)O[C@@]6(N([C@@H](CC(C)C)C(N7CCC[C@H]76)=O)C5=O)O)=O)N1
  • InChI=1S/C32H40BrN5O5/c1-16(2)12-24-29(40)37-11-7-10-25(37)32(42)38(24)30(41)31(43-32,17(3)4)35-28(39)18-13-20-19-8-6-9-22-26(19)21(27(33)34-22)14-23(20)36(5)15-18/h6,8-9,13,16-18,23-25,34,42H,7,10-12,14-15H2,1-5H3,(H,35,39)/t18-,23-,24+,25+,31-,32+/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:OZVBMTJYIDMWIL-AYFBDAFISA-N checkY

Bromocriptine, sold under the brand name Parlodel among others, is a medication used to treat prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, acromegaly, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and stop milk production.[2][3] It may also be used in type 2 diabetes.[4] It is taken by mouth.[2]

Common side effects include nausea, headache, tiredness, dizziness, constipation, and sleepiness.[3] Other side effects may include low blood pressure, and pericardial effusions, confusion.[3] It has been used by many pregnant women without any evidence of harm to the baby.[5] It works by activating dopamine receptors and decreasing the release of prolactin.[2]

Bromocriptine was patented in 1968 and approved for medical use in 1975.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as an alternative to cabergoline.[7] It is available as a generic medication.[2] In the United Kingdom 30 pills of 2.5 mg cost the NHS about £75 as of 2021.[2] In the United States this amount costs about 30 USD.[8]

Medical uses

Bromocriptine is used to treat acromegaly and conditions associated with hyperprolactinemia like amenorrhea, infertility, hypogonadism, and prolactin-secreting adenomas. It is also used to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome[9][10][11] and to treat Parkinson's disease.[9]

Since the late 1980s it has been used, off-label, to reduce the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal but the evidence for this use is poor.[12]

A quick-release formulation of bromocriptine, is also used to treat type 2 diabetes.[13][14][15] When administered within 2 hours of awakening, it increases hypothalamic dopamine level and as a result decreases hepatic glucose production. It therefore acts as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control.[16]

Side effects

Most frequent side effects are nausea, orthostatic hypotension, headaches, and vomiting through stimulation of the brainstem vomiting centre.[17] Vasospasms with serious consequences such as myocardial infarction and stroke that have been reported in connection with the puerperium, appear to be extremely rare events.[18] Peripheral vasospasm (of the fingers or toes) can cause Raynaud's Phenomenon. Bromocriptine use has been anecdotally associated with causing or worsening psychotic symptoms (its mechanism is in opposition of most antipsychotics, whose mechanisms generally block dopamine receptors).[19] Pulmonary fibrosis has been reported when bromocriptine was used in high doses for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[20]

Use to suppress milk production after childbirth was reviewed in 2014 and it was concluded that in this context a causal association with serious cardiovascular, neurological or psychiatric events could not be excluded with an overall incidence estimated to range between 0.005% and 0.04%. Additional safety precautions and stricter prescribing rules were suggested based on the data.[21][22] It is a bile salt export pump inhibitor.[23]

After long-term use of dopamine agonists, a withdrawal syndrome may occur during dose reduction or discontinuation with the following possible side effects: anxiety, panic attacks, dysphoria, depression, agitation, irritability, suicidal ideation, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, generalized pain, and drug cravings. For some individuals, these withdrawal symptoms are short-lived and they make a full recovery, for others a protracted withdrawal syndrome may occur with withdrawal symptoms persisting for months or years.[24]

Pharmacology

Activities of bromocriptine at various sites[25][26][27][28]
Site Affinity (Ki [nM]) Efficacy (Emax [%]) Action
D1 692 ? ?
D2S 5.0 41 Partial agonist
D2L 15 28 Partial agonist
D3 6.8 68 Partial agonist
D4 372 0 Silent antagonist
D5 537 ? ?
5-HT1A 13 72 Partial agonist
5-HT1B 355 66 Partial agonist
5-HT1D 11 86 Partial agonist
5-HT2A 107 69 Partial agonist
5-HT2B 56 0 Silent antagonist
5-HT2C 741 79 Partial agonist
5-HT6 33 ? ?
5-HT7 11–126 ? ?
α1A 4.2 0 Silent antagonist
α1B 1.4 ? ?
α1D 1.1 ? ?
α2A 11 0 Silent antagonist
α2B 35 0 Silent antagonist
α2C 28 0 Silent antagonist
α2D 68 ? ?
β1 589 ? ?
β2 741 ? ?
H1 >10,000
M1 >10,000
Notes: All receptors are human except α2D-adrenergic, which is rat (no human counterpart), and 5-HT7, which is rat/mouse.[25][28]

Pharmacodynamics

Bromocriptine is a partial agonist of the dopamine D2 receptor.[25][26][29] It also interacts with other dopamine receptors and with various serotonin and adrenergic receptors.[25][26][27] Bromocriptine has additionally been found to inhibit the release of glutamate by reversing the GLT1 glutamate transporter.[30]

As an antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor,[27] bromocriptine has not been associated with cardiac valvulopathy.[31] This is in contrast to other ergolines acting instead as 5-HT2B receptor agonists such as cabergoline and pergolide but is similar to lisuride which likewise acts as a 5-HT2B receptor antagonist.[31]

Chemistry

Like all ergopeptides, bromocriptine is a cyclol; two peptide groups of its tripeptide moiety are crosslinked, forming the >N-C(OH)< juncture between the two rings with the amide functionality.

Bromocriptine is a semisynthetic derivative of a natural ergot alkaloid, ergocryptine (a derivative of lysergic acid), which is synthesized by bromination of ergocryptine using N-bromosuccinimide.[32][33]

Bromocriptine synthesis.png

History

Bromocriptine was discovered by scientists at Sandoz in 1965 and was first published in 1968; it was first marketed under the brand name Parlodel.[34][35]

A quick-release formulation of bromocriptine was approved by the FDA in 2009.[36]

Society and culture

Brand names

As of July 2017, bromocriptine was marketed under many brand names worldwide, including Abergin, Barlolin, Brameston, Brocriptin, Brom, Broma-Del, Bromergocryptine, Bromergon, Bromicon, Bromocorn, Bromocriptin, Bromocriptina, Bromocriptine, Bromocriptine mesilate, Bromocriptine mesylate, Bromocriptine methanesulfonate, Bromocriptini mesilas, Bromocriptinmesilat, Bromodel, Bromokriptin, Bromolac, Bromotine, Bromtine, Brotin, Butin, Corpadel, Cripsa, Criptine, Criten, Cycloset, Degala, Demil, Deparo, Deprolac, Diacriptin, Dopagon, Erenant, Grifocriptina, Gynodel, kirim, Kriptonal, Lactodel, Medocriptine, Melen, Padoparine, Palolactin, Parlodel, Pravidel, Proctinal, Ronalin, Semi-Brom, Serocriptin, Serocryptin, Suplac, Syntocriptine, Umprel, Unew, Updopa, Upnol B, and Volbro.[1]

As of July 2017 it was also marketed as a combination drug with metformin as Diacriptin-M, and as a veterinary drug under the brand Pseudogravin.[1]

References

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  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 441. ISBN 978-0857114105.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Bromocriptine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "DailyMed - CYCLOSET- bromocriptine mesylate tablet". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  5. "Bromocriptine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
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  7. World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
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