Blepharospasm

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Blepharospasm
Other names: Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB), eye dystonia, eye twitching, eye spasm
Benign fasciculation syndrome of the upper eyelid in a 19-year-old male. It subsided after several days.
Pronunciation
SpecialtyNeurology, ophthalmology
Usual onsetGradual[1]
Risk factorsFamily history, eye trauma[1][2]
Diagnostic methodBased on the symptoms[2]
Differential diagnosisMeige syndrome, Bell's palsy, hemifacial spasm[2]
TreatmentBotulinum toxin, surgery[1]
Frequency1 in 20,000 people[2]

Blepharospasm is eyelid movement, such as blinding or twitching, that is not controllable.[1] Often it is gradual in onset and in severe cases may result in closure of the eye.[1] Both eyes are generally affected.[2] It may be short or long-term in duration.[1] It may be associated with twitching of other parts of the face.[1]

The cause in unknown.[2] Risk factors include family history and it is occasionally associated with eye trauma.[1][2] It may also occur as part of certain conditions such as tardive dyskinesia, Wilson disease, and parkinsonism.[2] Emotional stress, tiredness, or bright lights may worsen the condition.[2] It is a type of focal dystonia.[2] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms.[2]

While there is no cure, botulinum toxin injections may help temporarily.[1][3] Other measures that may help include getting sufficient sleeping and lowering caffeine use.[1] Surgery to remove the eyelid muscle may occasionally be carried out.[1]

Blepharospasm affected about one in 20,000 people in the United States.[2] Women are more commonly affected than men.[2] The typical age of onset is 40 to 60 years old.[1] The condition has been described since at least the 1870s.[4]

Signs and symptoms

  • Excessive blinking and spasming of one or both eyes – characterized by uncontrollable eyelid closure of durations longer than the typical blink reflex. The spells of spasming may last for minutes or even hours
  • Uncontrollable contractions or twitches of the eye muscles and surrounding facial area. Some sufferers have twitching symptoms that radiate into the nose, face, cheeks, and sometimes, the neck area
  • Dryness of the eyes
  • Sensitivity to the sun and bright light[5]

Causes

Some causes of blepharospasm have been identified; however, the causes of many cases of blepharospasm remain unknown. Some people with blepharospasm have a history of dry eyes, light sensitivity, and even fatigue. Others report no eye problems before onset of symptoms.

Some drugs can induce blepharospasm, such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease, as well as hormone treatments, including estrogen-replacement therapy for women going through menopause. Blepharospasm can also be a symptom of acute withdrawal from benzodiazepines. Prolonged use of benzodiazepines can induce blepharospasm and is a known risk factor for the development of blepharospasm.[6]

Blepharospasm may also come from abnormal functioning of the brain's basal ganglia.[7] Simultaneous dry eye and dystonias such as Meige's syndrome have been observed. Blepharospasms can be caused by concussions in some rare cases, when a blow to the back of the head damages the basal ganglia.[8]

Multiple sclerosis can cause blepharospasm.[9]

Treatment

Drug therapy for blepharospasm has proved generally unpredictable and short-termed. Anticholinergics, tranquillizing drugs and botulinum toxin are the mostly used therapeutic options. However serious side effects can be observed as well as failure of therapy. It is therefore not surprising that new therapies are constantly being tested. In this backdrop new evidence shows Mosapride can be a safe and affordable therapeutic option for blepharospasm.[10]

Botulinum toxin injections have been used to induce localized, partial paralysis. Among most sufferers, botulinum toxin injection is the preferred treatment method.[11] Injections are generally administered every three months, with variations based on patient response and usually give almost immediate relief (though for some it may take more than a week) of symptoms from the muscle spasms. Most patients can resume a relatively normal life with regular botulinum toxin treatments. A minority of sufferers develop minimal or no result from botulinum toxin injections and have to find other treatments. For some, botulinum toxin diminishes in its effectiveness after many years of use. An observed side effect in a minority of patients is ptosis or eyelid droop. Attempts to inject in locations that minimize ptosis can result in diminished ability to control spasms. A recent Cochrane systematic review showed that a single treatment session (where both eyelids were injected with BtA multiple times) alleviated the symptoms of blepharospasm, disability, and number of involuntary movements.[12]

People that do not respond well to medication or botulinum toxin injection are candidates for surgical therapy. The most effective surgical treatment has been protractor myectomy, the removal of muscles responsible for eyelid closure.[13]

Since the root of the problem is neurological, doctors have explored sensorimotor retraining activities to enable the brain to "rewire" itself and eliminate dystonic movements. The work of Joaquin Farias has shown that sensorimotor retraining activities and proprioceptive stimulation can induce neuroplasticity, making it possible for patients to recover substantial function that was lost due to blepharospasm.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

A device which attaches to a person's glasses is being studied. It applys pressure to the temple region of forehead which helped to enable eye opening.[21][22]

Word orgin

The word is from Greek: βλέφαρον / blepharon, eyelid, and σπασμός / spasmos, spasm, an uncontrolled muscle contraction.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Blepharospasm | National Eye Institute". www.nei.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  3. ↑ Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss, D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016). "Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 86 (19): 1818–26. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002560. PMC 4862245. PMID 27164716.
  4. ↑ Session, New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology; Naugle, Thomas C.; Hesse, Richard J.; Fry, Constance L. (1995). Diagnosis and Management of Oculoplastic and Orbital Disorders: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium, New Orleans, LA, USA, February 18-20, 1994, Organized by the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. Kugler Publications. p. 165. ISBN 978-90-6299-132-7. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  5. ↑ Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (July 2006). "The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 142 (1): 82–87. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.020. PMID 16815254.
  6. ↑ Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–07. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869. PMC 1738986. PMID 14966178.
  7. ↑ "Benign Essential Blepharospasm". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  8. ↑ Martino, Davide; Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Tinazzi, Michele; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Aniello, Maria Stella; Avanzino, Laura; Colosimo, Carlo; Majorana, Giuseppe; Trompetto, Carlo (March 2007). "Head trauma in primary cranial dystonias: a multicentre case–control study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 78 (3): 260–63. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.103713. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 2117628. PMID 17056625.
  9. ↑ Goldman, Lee (25 July 2011). Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 2429. ISBN 978-1437727883.
  10. ↑ Piyasena INAP; Jayasinghe JAC (March 2014). "Mosapride (5HT4 agonist) in the treatment of blepharospasm". Ceylon Med J. 59 (1): 26–27. doi:10.4038/cmj.v59i1.5527. PMID 24682196.
  11. ↑ Schellini SA, Matai O, Igami TZ, Padovani CR, Padovani CP (2006). "Blefarospasmo essencial e espasmo hemifacial: características dos pacientes, tratamento com toxina botulínica A e revisão da literatura" [Essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: characteristic of the patient, botulinum toxin A treatment and literature review]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia (in português). 69 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492006000100005. PMID 16491229.
  12. ↑ Duarte, Gonçalo S; Rodrigues, Filipe B; Marques, Raquel E; Castelão, Mafalda; Ferreira, Joaquim; Sampaio, Cristina; Moore, Austen P; Costa, João (2020-11-19). Cochrane Movement Disorders Group (ed.). "Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (11): CD004900. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3. PMC 8094161. PMID 33211907.
  13. ↑ Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR (September 1998). "Blepharospasm: past, present, and future". Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 14 (5): 305–17. doi:10.1097/00002341-199809000-00002. PMID 9783280. S2CID 13678666.
  14. ↑ Dystonia. Rewiring the brain through movement and dance | Federico Bitti | TEDxNapoli. TEDx Talks. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  15. ↑ How your movements can heal your brain | Joaquin Farias | TEDxNapoli. TEDx Talks. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  16. ↑ Choosing music over meds, one man's quest to retrain his brain to overcome dystonia. The Globe and Mail. 8 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  17. ↑ Farias J. Limitless. How your movements can heal your brain. An essay on the neurodynamics of dystonia. Galene editions 2016
  18. ↑ Farias J. Intertwined. How to induce neuroplasticity. A new approach to rehabilitate dystonias. Galene editions 2012.
  19. ↑ Farias, J., Sarti-Martínez, MA. Title: "Elite musicians treated by specific fingers motion program to stimulate propiceptive sense", Congreso Nacional De La Sociedad Anatómica Española, Alicante (España), European Journal of Anatomy, p. 110
  20. ↑ OPEN YOUR EYES PART 1. Gabriel Sousa. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  21. ↑ A Mechanical Device for Blepharospasm https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03269123 Archived 2021-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Spectacle device gives hope to eye disorder patients". Oxford University Hospitals. November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.

External links

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External resources
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