Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection

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Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
Other names: Corynebacterium haemolyticum[1]
  • Top:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum associated with pyothorax-Clinical examination and imaging studies revealed a right sided multi-loculated hydropneumothorax
  • Bottom:Blood agar plate , which had been inoculated with Arcanobacterium haemolyticum[2]
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsSkin ulcers, abscesses,cellulitis,sore throat,fever[1][3]
ComplicationsBrain abscesses, endocarditis, and bacteremia[1]
CausesA haemolyticum[1]
Diagnostic methodCulture, CAMP test[1]
Differential diagnosisS. pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Neisseria gonorrhea[1]
TreatmentPenicillin and macrolides [1]

An Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection is any of several types of infection with the gram-positive bacillus Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. It can cause an acute pharyngitis, and it may cause an exanthem characterized by an erythematous, morbilliform or scarlatiniform eruption involving the trunk and extremities.[4]: 268 [1]

In terms of management we find that penicillin and macrolides are prescribed[1]

Signs and symptoms

As to the presentation of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection we find:[1][5]

Complications

In terms of the possible complications we find:[1]

Cause

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is a species of bacteria classified as a gram-positive bacillus. It is catalase-negative, facultative anaerobic, beta-hemolytic, and not motile.[6] It has been known to cause head and neck infections, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.[6]

Risk factors

In terms of risk factors that would place an individual at a higher possibility of A. haemolyticum infection we find:[1]

Diagnosis

As to the diagnosis of this infection we find that performing a throat swab culture on blood agar plates is the best way to determine the infection(37°C with 5 percent carbon dioxide for 1 to 2 days. [7]

CT chest shows multifocal cavitary lung lesions

Differential diagnosis

Streptococcus pyogenes

In terms of the DDx we find that the following should be considered:[1]

Treatment

Penicillin

As to treatment, we find that in light of the fact that resistance sometimes occurs, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is crucial. Penicillin and macrolides are most often prescribed [1]

Epidemiology

As to prevalence in the United States, A.haemolyticum is found in 0.4 percent of adults with pharyngitis . In Canada and Finland, has a similar incidence to the U.S. In Israel, Czechia, and Sweden, A.haemolyticum is found between 0.2% to 2% of individuals with pharyngitis .[8]

History

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum was first described by MacLean et al. in 1946. They identified it as a pathogen causing pharyngitis and soft-tissue infections among US servicemen and indigenous peoples of the South Pacific[8][9]

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Vu, My Linh D.; Rajnik, Michael (2025). "Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Infections". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2025-02-01.
  2. "Details - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)". phil.cdc.gov. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  3. "Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum Clinical Presentation: Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  4. James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  5. Alrwashdeh, Anas M.; Saluja, Prachi; Hasan, Lana; Kocurek, Emily; Dare, Ryan K. (1 January 2023). "Arcanobacterium haemolyticum bacteremia presenting as severe sepsis: A case report and review of the literature". IDCases. 31: e01645. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01645. ISSN 2214-2509. PMC 9791352. PMID 36579145.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Paller, Amy S.; Mancini, Anthony J. (1 January 2016). "16 - Exanthematous Diseases of Childhood". Hurwitz Clinical Pediatric Dermatology (Fifth ed.). Elsevier. pp. 382–401.e4. ISBN 978-0-323-24475-6.
  7. "Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum Workup: Laboratory Studies". eMedicine. 6 February 2025. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
  8. 8.0 8.1 "Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". eMedicine. 6 February 2025. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  9. MacLean PD, Liebow AA, Rosenberg AA. A hemolytic Corynebacterium resembling Corynebacterium ovis and Corynebacterium pyogenes in man. J Infect Dis. 1946. 79:69-90.

External links

External resources