2025 Uganda Ebola outbreak

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2025 Uganda Ebola outbreak
Initial case: 30 January 2025
Uganda map
Situation as of 26 March[1]
Suspected cases14[2]
Deaths4 [3]

As of late January 2025 Uganda is experiencing its seventh outbreak of Ebola Sudan virus disease . The outbreak was confirmed after a nurse in Kampala tested positive for the virus. The World Health Organization has begun taking action to prevent the further spread of the virus

Epidemiology

Kampala,Uganda

On 30 January, 2025 Uganda indicated an outbreak of the Ebola virus in Kampala(which is the capital). There is currently one deceased individual and 44 contacts. However, it should be mentioned that the city in question has 4 million inhabitants,[4][5] and currently there are 234 contacts,[6]of these 118 are contacts while seeking health care per WHO[7]

On 6 February it was reported that the CDC issued a level 2 alert for travelers to Uganda[8][9]As of February 10, the Ministry of Health of Uganda has placed 265 contacts under quarantine[10]

On 13 February, it was reported that WHO chief Dr. Tedros indicated the approval of $2 million from their emergency contingency fund, to help Uganda with this VHF outbreak[11] On 18 February it was reported that "eight patients who had been receiving treatment for Sudan virus disease" have been discharged, per WHO[12] On 21 February the WHO indicated that "58 contacts that have been identified are still under follow up in designated quarantine facilities located in Jinja, Kampala,and Mbale"[13].

On 24 February it was reported that the International Federation of the Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies had begun an Emergency Appeal for 6 million Swiss francs to help contain the ongoing Uganda Ebola outbreak[14]

On 28 February the New York Times reported that a 4 year old had died due to EVD.[15]On 1 March it was reported that, "over 200 contacts have been listed and are being quarantined."[16]

On 8 March it was reported that the EVD cases had risen to 14, a new cluster has developed in the current outbreak;[2] two days later it was indicated that an additional 2 fatalities had occurred bringing the total to 4 deaths and 14 cases with 192 contacts[3] On 14 march it was indicated that due to a new cluster there are, "two cases in isolation [and] more than 489 contacts in quarantine"[17]

It has been reported by the New York Times that some foreign aid that has been reduced by U.S. organizations may be having a negative response in Ugandas preventive Ebola measures, due to monetary issues[18] On 18 March it was anounced by UNICEF that Sweden would donate 2 million U.S. dollars to help Uganda with preventive measures;[19] the next day the EU announced, "emergency humanitarian funding of €1.2 million for Uganda to support the country in its response to the... outbreak."[20]

Vaccine trial

It was reported on 1 February, that 2,160 doses of IAVI's rVSV Sudan ebolavirus vaccine candidate were in Kampala, where they are ready as part of outbreak preparedness.Additionally, WHO has allocated $1 million for outbreak control[21] It was reported on 1 February that 6 individuals have fallen ill, including the wife of the Ebola-infected deceased man, test to confirm are underway[22]

It was reported on 3 February, that Uganda’s Ministry of Health, the WHO and others launched the first clinical efficacy trial for a vaccine for the Sudan species of the virus.[23]

Contributing factors

Deforestation/Uganda, Africa

While it has been postulated that several factors influence the risk for VHF outbreaks, a recent review(2025) by Kamguem, et al indicates deforestation does also pose a risk. The review indicates that, " human encroachment into previously uninhabited areas, through forest fragmentation and habitat destruction, contributes to the spillover of zoonotic pathogens to human".[24][25]

Deforestation in Uganda is a significant environmental issue; the country has been experiencing one of the highest global deforestation rates. Every year, 3% of Uganda's forests are cut down. In 2023, Uganda lost 37.6 thousand hectares of natural forest[26][27]

Virology

The species Sudan ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Sudan virus (SUDV)[28]

The members of the species are called Sudan ebolaviruses[28] it was discovered in 1977

History

Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks due to Sudan virus (SUDV) infection[29]
Year Geographic location Human cases/deaths (case-fatality rate)
1976 Juba, Maridi, Nzara, and Tembura, South Sudan 284/151 (53%)
1979 Nzara, South Sudan 34/22 (65%)
2000–2001 Gulu, Mbarara, and Masindi Districts, Uganda 425/224 (53%)
2004 Yambio County, South Sudan 17/7 (41%)
2011 Luweero District, Uganda 1/1 (100%)
2014 Equateur, Congo 0/1 * two strains reported, one Sudan and one Sudan/Zaire Hybrid to 24/08/2014 (0%)
2022-2023 Central and Western Regions, Uganda 164/77 (47%)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Uganda | Sudan (Ebola) Virus Disease outbreak and EU response - DG ECHO Daily Map | 26/03/2025 - Uganda | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 26 March 2025. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Ebola cases in Uganda rise to 14 as new cluster emerges, posing a challenge to health workers". www.msn.com. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Sudan virus disease – Uganda". www.who.int. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
  4. ↑ "Uganda confirms outbreak of Ebola in capital Kampala, one dead". www.msn.com. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  5. ↑ "Hospital nurse in Uganda dies in country's first Ebola outbreak in 2 years". www.msn.com. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  6. ↑ "Uganda begins Ebola vaccine trial after new outbreak". www.msn.com. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
  7. ↑ "Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies: Week 05: 27 January to 02 February 2025 (Data as Reported by: 17:00; 02 February 2025) - Uganda | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 4 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  8. ↑ "Ebola in Uganda - Level 2 - Level 2 - Practice Enhanced Precautions - Travel Health Notices | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
  9. ↑ "Travelers and health-care providers should be on alert due to Ebola disease outbreak in Uganda, CDC warns". www.msn.com. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
  10. ↑ "Ebola cases in Uganda rise to 9: official". The Star. 11 February 2025. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
  11. ↑ "Uganda's Ebola Sudan outbreak appears stable | CIDRAP". www.cidrap.umn.edu. 13 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
  12. ↑ "Uganda discharges all eight Ebola disease patients | WHO | Regional Office for Africa". www.afro.who.int. 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  13. ↑ "Disease Outbreak News: Sudan virus disease - Uganda, 21 February 2025 - Uganda | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 22 February 2025. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  14. ↑ "Red Cross launches an appeal to respond to Uganda's Eighth Ebola outbreak | IFRC". www.ifrc.org. 26 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  15. ↑ Mandavilli, Apoorva (28 February 2025). "A 4-Year-Old Boy Dies of Ebola in Uganda as U.S. Pulls Back on Help". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2025. Archived 1 March 2025 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "Uganda - Ebola outbreak, update (DG ECHO, MoH) (ECHO Daily Flash of 03 March 2025) - Uganda | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 3 March 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  17. ↑ "480 quarantined amid Ebola resurgence". www.msn.com. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  18. ↑ Mandavilli, Apoorva (7 March 2025). "How Foreign Aid Cuts Are Setting the Stage for Disease Outbreaks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  19. ↑ "Ebola". UNICEF. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
  20. ↑ "Uganda: The EU allocates €1.2 million in emergency funding in response to the Ebola outbreak - European Commission". civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
  21. ↑ "2,160 Experimental Sudan Ebolavirus Doses Deployed in Uganda". www.vax-before-travel.com.
  22. ↑ Branswell, Helen (1 February 2025). "WHO says 6 contacts of Ugandan Ebola patient are ill, vaccination efforts could begin Sunday". STAT. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  23. ↑ "Groundbreaking Ebola vaccination trial launches today in Uganda". www.who.int. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  24. ↑ Kamguem, Inès Sopbué; Kirschvink, Nathalie; Wade, Abel; Linard, Catherine (16 January 2025). "Determinants of viral haemorrhagic fever risk in Africa's tropical moist forests: A scoping review of spatial, socio-economic, and environmental factors". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 19 (1): e0012817. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012817. ISSN 1935-2735.
  25. ↑ Duveiller, G.; Defourny, P.; Desclée, B.; Mayaux, P. (15 May 2008). "Deforestation in Central Africa: Estimates at regional, national and landscape levels by advanced processing of systematically-distributed Landsat extracts". Remote Sensing of Environment. 112 (5): 1969–1981. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.07.026. ISSN 0034-4257. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2025. Archived 15 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ "Uganda Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW". www.globalforestwatch.org. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  27. ↑ Thelwell, Kim (22 August 2020). "Deforestation in Uganda: Impact and Solutions". The Borgen Project. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kuhn, Jens H.; Becker, Stephan; Ebihara, Hideki; Geisbert, Thomas W.; Johnson, Karl M.; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Lipkin, W. Ian; Negredo, Ana I.; Netesov, Sergey V.; Nichol, Stuart T.; Palacios, Gustavo; Peters, Clarence J.; Tenorio, Antonio; Volchkov, Viktor E.; Jahrling, Peter B. (1 December 2010). "Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations". Archives of Virology. 155 (12): 2083–2103. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x. ISSN 1432-8798. Archived from the original on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 7 February 2025. Archived 5 February 2025 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ "Outbreak History". Ebola. 13 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025. Archived 3 February 2025 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

External links

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