Voiced dental and alveolar plosives
(Redirected from Voiced alveolar stop)
Voiced alveolar plosive | |
---|---|
d | |
IPA Number | 104 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | d |
Unicode (hex) | U+0064 |
X-SAMPA | d |
Braille |
Voiced dental plosive | |
---|---|
d̪ | |
IPA Number | 104 408 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | d̪ |
Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+032A |
X-SAMPA | d_d |
Braille |
The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d
.
There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops, among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- There are three specific variants of [d]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
IPA | Description |
---|---|
d | plain d |
d̪ | dental d |
d̠ | postalveolar d |
dʱ | breathy d |
dʲ | palatalized d |
dʷ | labialized d |
d̚ | d with no audible release |
d̥ | voiceless d |
d͈ | tense d |
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | derë | [dɛːɾ] | 'door' | ||||
Arabic | Egyptian | دنيا / donya | [ˈdonjæ] | 'world' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology | ||
Armenian | Eastern[1] | դեմք / demk’ | 'face' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Western | տալ / dal | [d̪ɑl] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Bashkir | дүрт / dürt | 'four' | |||||
Basque | diru | [d̪iɾu] | 'money' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Belarusian[2] | падарожжа/padarožža | [päd̪äˈroʐːä] | 'travel' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |||
Bengali | দুধ/dūdh | [d̪ud̪ʱ] | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | |||
Catalan[3] | drac | [ˈd̪ɾɑk] | 'dragon' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |||
Dinka[4] | dhek | [d̪ek] | 'distinct' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/. | |||
Dhivehi | ދެރަ/Dhera | [d̪eɾa] | 'sad' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Dutch | Belgian | ding | [d̪ɪŋ] | 'thing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
English | Dublin[5] | then | [d̪ɛn] | 'then' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].[5] | See English phonology |
Southern Irish[6] | |||||||
Geordie[7] | Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7] | ||||||
Ulster[8] | dream | [d̪ɹim] | 'dream' | Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |||
Esperanto | mondo | [ˈmondo] | 'world' | See Esperanto phonology. | |||
French[9] | dais | [d̪ɛ] | 'canopy' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |||
Georgian[10] | კუდი | [ˈkʼud̪i] | 'tail' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology | |||
Hindustani[11] | Hindi | दूध / dūdh | [d̪uːd̪ʱ] | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. | See Hindi-Urdu phonology |
Urdu | دودھ / dūdh | Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>. | |||||
Irish | dorcha | [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] | 'dark' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology | |||
Italian[12] | dare | [ˈd̪äːre] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |||
Japanese[13] | 男性的 / danseiteki | [d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi] | 'masculine' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |||
Kashubian[14] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||||
Kazakh | дос | [d̪os̪] | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Kyrgyz[15] | дос | [d̪os̪] | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Latvian[16] | drudzis | [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] | 'fever' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |||
Marathi | दगड/dagaḍ | [d̪əɡəɖ] | 'stone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | |||
Nepali | दिन/din | [d̪in] | 'daytime' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology | |||
Odia | ଦଶ/daśa | [d̪ɔsɔ] | 'ten' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |||
Pashto | ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa | [ˈd̪wɑ] | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Polish[17] | dom | 'home' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | ||||
Portuguese[18] | Many dialects | dar | [ˈd̪aɾ] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology | ||
Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਦਾਲ/dāl | [d̪ɑːl] | 'lentils' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
Shahmukhi | دال/dāl | ||||||
Russian[19] | два/dva | [ˈd̪va] | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology | |||
Serbo-Croatian[20] | дуга / duga | [d̪ǔːgä] | 'rainbow' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
Slovene[21] | danes | [ˈd̪àːnə́s̪] | 'today' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology | |||
Spanish[22] | hundido | [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] | 'sunken' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |||
Telugu | దయ | [d̪aja] | 'Kindness' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant. | |||
Turkish | dal | [d̪äɫ] | 'twig' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |||
Ukrainian[23][24] | дерево/derevo | [ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ] | 'tree' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |||
Uzbek[25] | sifatida | [siɸætidæ] | 'as' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
Wu | 唐/da | [d̪ɑ̃] | 'the Tang dynasty' | ||||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[26] | dan | [d̪aŋ] | 'countryside' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | дахэ/daahė | [daːxa] | 'pretty' | ||||
Assyrian | ܘܪܕܐ werda | [wεrda] | 'flower' | Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties. | |||
Bengali | ডাব/ḍab | [d̠ab] | 'green coconut' | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ɖ]. See Bengali phonology. | |||
Catalan[27] | susdit | [sʊzˈd̻it̪] | 'said before' | Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |||
Czech | do | [do] | 'into' | See Czech phonology | |||
Dutch[28] | dak | [dɑk] | 'roof' | See Dutch phonology | |||
English | Most speakers | dash | [ˈdæʃ] | 'dash' | See English phonology | ||
Finnish | sidos | [ˈsido̞s] | 'bond' | See Finnish phonology | |||
Greek | ντροπή / dropí | [dro̞ˈpi] | 'shame' | See Modern Greek phonology | |||
Hebrew | דואר/ do'ar | [ˈdo̞.äʁ̞] | 'mail' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
Hungarian | adó | [ˈɒdoː] | 'tax' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
Kabardian | дахэ/ daahė | [daːxa] | 'pretty' | ||||
Khmer | ដប / dab | [dɑp] | 'bottle' | ||||
Korean | 아들 / adeul | [ɐdɯl] | 'son' | See Korean phonology | |||
Kurdish | Northern | diran | [dɪɾä:n] | 'tooth' | See Kurdish phonology | ||
Central | ددان/ dadân | [dædä:n] | |||||
Southern | دیان/dîân | [diːä:n] | |||||
Luxembourgish[29] | brudder | [ˈb̥ʀudɐ] | 'brother' | More often voiceless [t].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology | |||
Malay | Standard (incl. Malaysian) | dahan | [dähän] | 'branch' | See Malay phonology | ||
Indonesian[30] | |||||||
Kelantan-Pattani | [dahɛː] | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |||||
Maltese | dehen | [den] | 'wit' | ||||
Tagalog | dalaga | [dɐˈlaɰɐ] | 'maiden' | See Tagalog phonology | |||
Thai | ดาว/ dāw | [daːw] | 'star' | ||||
Welsh | diafol | [djavɔl] | 'devil' | See Welsh phonology | |||
West Frisian | doarp | [ˈdwɑrp] | 'village' | ||||
Yi | ꄿ/dda | [da˧] | 'competent' | ||||
Yonaguni | 与那国 / dunan | [dunaŋ] | 'Yonaguni' |
Variable
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | دين/diin | [diːn] | 'religion' | Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology. | |
English | Broad South African[31] | dawn | [doːn] | 'dawn' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[31][32][33] |
Scottish[32] | [dɔn] | ||||
Welsh[33] | [dɒːn] | ||||
German | Standard[34] | oder | 'or' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[34] See Standard German phonology | |
Norwegian | Urban East[35] | dans | [d̻ɑns] | 'dance' | Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[35] See Norwegian phonology |
Persian[36] | اداره/edāre | [edaːre] | 'office' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[36] See Persian phonology | |
Slovak[37][38] | do | 'into' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[37][38] See Slovak phonology | ||
Swedish | Central Standard[39] | dag | [dɑːɡ] | 'day' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[39] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
See also
Notes
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000:22)
- ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Riad (2014:46)
References
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
- Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/s0025100308003320
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
Categories:
- Pages using the Phonos extension
- Pages with plain IPA
- Harv and Sfn no-target errors
- Articles with short description
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Pages using infobox IPA with unknown parameters
- Articles containing Albanian-language text
- Articles containing Egyptian Arabic-language text
- Pages with Egyptian Arabic IPA
- Articles containing Armenian-language text
- Pages including recorded pronunciations
- Articles containing Alekano-language text
- Articles containing Basa (Cameroon)-language text
- Articles containing Belarusian-language text
- Articles containing Bengali-language text
- Articles containing Catalan-language text
- Articles containing Dinka-language text
- Articles containing Dhivehi-language text
- Articles containing Dutch-language text
- Articles containing Esperanto-language text
- Articles containing French-language text
- Articles containing Georgian-language text
- Articles containing Hindi-language text
- Articles containing Urdu-language text
- Articles containing Irish-language text
- Articles containing Italian-language text
- Articles containing Japanese-language text
- All articles needing examples
- Articles needing examples from November 2013
- Articles containing Kazakh-language text
- Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text
- Articles containing Latvian-language text
- Articles containing Marathi-language text
- Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text
- Articles containing Odia-language text
- Articles containing Pashto-language text
- Articles containing Polish-language text
- Articles containing Portuguese-language text
- Articles containing Punjabi-language text
- Articles containing Russian-language text
- Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text
- Articles containing Slovene-language text
- Articles containing Spanish-language text
- Articles containing Telugu-language text
- Articles containing Turkish-language text
- Articles containing Ukrainian-language text
- Articles containing Uzbek-language text
- Articles containing Chinese-language text
- Articles containing Kabardian-language text
- Articles containing Assyrian Neo-Aramaic-language text
- Articles containing Czech-language text
- Articles containing Finnish-language text
- Articles containing Greek-language text
- Articles containing Hebrew-language text
- Articles containing Hungarian-language text
- Articles containing Khmer-language text
- Articles containing Korean-language text
- Articles containing Kurdish-language text
- Articles containing Luxembourgish-language text
- Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text
- Articles containing Norwegian-language text
- Articles containing Tagalog-language text
- Articles containing Thai-language text
- Articles containing West Frisian-language text
- Articles containing Yi-language text
- Articles containing Yonaguni-language text
- Articles containing Arabic-language text
- Articles containing German-language text
- Articles containing Persian-language text
- Articles containing Slovak-language text
- Articles containing Swedish-language text
- CS1 errors: missing periodical
- CS1: long volume value
- Alveolar consonants
- Plosives
- Central consonants
- Voiced oral consonants
- Pulmonic consonants