Electoral fraud in the United States

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Electoral fraud in the United States is considered to be a rare occurrence.[1][2][3][4] A small number of elections in United States history have been invalidated due to electoral fraud, mostly at the local level.[1][5][6][7] False accusations of electoral fraud have often been linked to the election denial movement in the United States.[8]

Most electoral fraud discussions in the United States center around voter impersonation, also called in-person voter fraud, and absentee or mail-in ballot fraud. Existing research and evidence shows that voter impersonation, where a person who is eligible to vote in an election votes more than once, or a person who is not eligible to vote does so by voting under the name of an eligible voter, is extremely rare.[9][10][11][12] While mail-in voting is considered by some to be more vulnerable to fraud,[13] studies have also shown mail-in ballot fraud to be highly uncommon.[14][15]

Estimates of frequency

Voter impersonation

Between 2000 and 2014, there were only 31 documented instances of voter impersonation in the United States.[10] According to the Associated Press, the New York Times, NPR, CNBC, the Guardian, and FactCheck.Org, the available research and evidence point to the type of fraud that would be prevented by voter ID laws as "very rare" or "extremely rare".[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] According to PolitiFact, "in-person voter fraud—the kind targeted by the ID law—remains extremely rare".[23] PolitiFact finds the suggestion that "voter fraud is rampant" false, giving it its "Pants on Fire" rating.[23] It is considered difficult for someone to coordinate widespread voter impersonation to steal an election. Even if they paid people to vote for their preferred candidate, they could not confirm whether the people they paid voted at all, much less the way they were paid to.[24]

ABC News reported in 2012 that only four cases of voter impersonation had led to convictions in Texas over the previous decade.[25] A study released the same year by News21, an Arizona State University reporting project, identified a total of 10 cases of alleged voter impersonation in the United States since 2000.[26] The same study found that for every case of voter impersonation, there were 207 cases of other types of election fraud. This analysis has, in turn, been criticized by the executive director of the Republican National Lawyers Association, who has said that the study was "highly flawed in its very approach to the issue."[27] Also a 2012 study found no evidence that voter impersonation (in the form of people voting under the auspices of a dead voter) occurred in the 2006 Georgia general elections.[28]

In April 2014, Federal District Court Judge Lynn Adelman ruled in Frank v. Walker that Wisconsin's voter ID law was unconstitutional because "virtually no voter impersonation occurs in Wisconsin ...".[29] In August 2014, Justin Levitt, a professor at Loyola Law School, reported in the Washington Post's Wonkblog that he had identified only 31 credible cases of voter impersonation since 2000.[30] Levitt has also claimed that of these 31 cases, three of them occurred in Texas, while Lorraine Minnite of Rutgers University–Camden estimates there were actually four during the 2000–2014 period.[9] The most serious incident identified involved as many as 24 people trying to vote under assumed names in Brooklyn, but even this would not have made a significant difference in almost any American election.[31] Also that year, a study in the Election Law Journal found that about the same percentage of the U.S. population (about 2.5%) admitted to having been abducted by aliens as admitted to committing voter impersonation. This study also concluded that "strict voter ID requirements address a problem that was certainly not common in the 2012 U.S. election."[32] In 2016, News21 reviewed cases of possible voter impersonation in five states where politicians had expressed concerns about it. They found 38 successful fraud cases in these states from 2012 to 2016, none of which were for voter impersonation.[33]

Outdated voter registration

A 2012 report by the Pew Center on the States titled "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient: Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade", based on data collected in 2008, found that over 1.8 million dead people were registered to vote nationwide and over 3 million voters were registered in multiple states.[34] Pew's election program director clarified in 2016 that they had found "millions of out of date registration records due to people moving or dying", but "no evidence that voter fraud resulted".[35] According to PolitiFact, the study investigated "outdated voter rolls, not fraudulent votes", and made "no mention of noncitizens voting or registering to vote".[35]

Pew researchers found that military personnel were disproportionately affected by voter registration errors. Most often these involved members of the military and their families who were deployed overseas. For example, in 2008 alone, they reported almost "twice as many registration problems" as the general public.[36]: 7 

In an October 2016 article published in Business Insider, the author noted these voter registration irregularities left some people concerned that the electoral system was vulnerable to the impersonation of dead voters. However, registration irregularities do not intrinsically constitute fraud: in most cases the states are simply slow to eliminate ineligible voters. By 2016, most states had addressed concerns raised by the Pew 2012 report.[37]

According to a Newsday report in 2013, since 2000, there had been 270 cases of 6,000 dead people previously registered to vote in Nassau County, NY, who supposedly cast ballots at some point after their deaths. However, the paper explained: "The votes attributed to the dead are too few, and spread over 20 elections since 2000, to consider them a coordinated fraud attempt. More likely is what investigators in other states have found when examining dead voter records: Clerical errors are to blame, such as a person's vote being assigned to a dead person with a similar name."[38][39]

Mail-in ballot fraud

See also: Postal voting in the United States § Reliability of postal ballots

Postal ballots have been the source of "most significant vote-counting disputes in recent decades", according to Edward Foley, director of the Election Law program at Ohio State University.[40] Among the thousands of elections from 2000 to 2012, there were 491 known cases of absentee ballot fraud.[41][42][43] Justin Levitt, a law professor at Loyola Marymount, has stated "misconduct in the mail voting process is meaningfully more prevalent than misconduct in the process of voting in person", but that misconduct "still amounts to only a tiny fraction of the ballots cast by mail."[44] Lonna Atkeson, an expert in election administration, said about mail-in voting fraud, "It's really hard to find ... The fact is, we really don't know how much fraud there is ... There aren't millions of fraudulent votes, but there are some."[44]

Richard Hasen, a professor at University of California, Irvine School of Law, said in 2020 that "problems are extremely rare in the five states that rely primarily on vote-by-mail."[44] In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of mail-in ballot fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of individual votes nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States."[14] A 2020 Washington Post analysis of data from three vote-by-mail states (Colorado, Oregon and Washington), with help from the Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC), found that officials had identified just 372 possible cases of double voting or voting on behalf of deceased people out of about 14.6 million mail votes cast in 2016 and 2018.[15]

Non-citizen voting

In the 2018 Fish v. Kobach case, where Kansas voters challenged the state's voter identification law, U.S. District Court Judge Julie Robinson ruled that the law was unconstitutional, in part because Secretary of State Kris Kobach had not shown that illegal non-citizen voting was widespread enough to justify it. She wrote that "at most, 67 noncitizens registered or attempted to register in Kansas over the last 19 years".[45][46]

A 2023 study in Arizona found that 1,934 voters out of over 4 million registered were non-citizens at the time of registration.[47]

Old Dominion University study (2014)

A 2014 study by Old Dominion University professors Jesse Richman and David Earnest, which used data developed by the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, concluded that more than 14 percent of self-identified non-citizens in 2008 and 2010 indicated that they were registered to vote, approximately 6.4% of surveyed non-citizens voted in 2008, and 2.2% of surveyed non-citizens voted in 2010.[48][49] Proponents of voter ID laws pointed to the study as justification, although the study also concluded that voter ID requirements would be ineffective at reducing non-citizen voting.[50] This study has been criticized by numerous academics.[51][52][53] A 2015 study by the managers of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Richman and Earnest's study was "almost certainly flawed" and that, in fact, it was most likely that 0% of non-citizens had voted in recent American elections.[52] Richman and Earnest's findings were the result of measurement error; some individuals who answered the survey checked the wrong boxes in surveys. Richman and Earnest therefore extrapolated from a handful of wrongfully classified cases to achieve an exaggerated number of individuals who appeared to be non-citizen voters.[52] Richman later conceded that "the response error issues ... may have biased our numbers".[54] Richman has also rebuked President Trump for claiming that millions voted illegally in 2016.[54] Brian Schaffner, Professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts, Amherst, who was part of the team that debunked Richman and Earnest's study said that the study

... is not only wrong, it is irresponsible social science and should never have been published in the first place. There is no evidence that non-citizens have voted in recent U.S. elections ... It is bad research, because it fails to understand basic facts about the data it uses. Indeed, it took me and my colleagues only a few hours to figure out why the authors' findings were wrong and to produce the evidence needed to prove as much. The authors were essentially basing their claims on two pieces of data associated with the large survey—a question that asks people whether they are citizens and official vote records to which each respondent has been matched to determine whether he or she had voted. Both these pieces of information include some small amounts of measurement error, as is true of all survey questions. What the authors failed to consider is that measurement error was entirely responsible for their results. In fact, once my colleagues and I accounted for that error, we found that there were essentially zero non-citizens who voted in recent elections.

— Brian Schaffner, [53]

Notable cases of fraud

Electoral fraud has led to several convictions in United States history, and has caused some election results to be affected or annulled. This list does not include elections such as the 1960 United States presidential election in Illinois[55] or the 2008 United States Senate election in Minnesota[56][57] where allegations of fraud received widespread attention, but ultimately were not proven.

20th century

  • In the 1948 United States Senate election in Texas, according to a 1990 book by historian Robert A. Caro, Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the election due to electoral fraud, which included county officials casting ballots for absent voters and changing vote tally numbers.[1][58]
  • Between 1968 and 1984, eight primary elections in Brooklyn, New York were marked by repeated fraud according to the findings of a grand jury. The fraud included multiple voting by teams of political workers with fake voter identification cards.[59] Richard Hasen has argued that this fraud, because it involved election officials colluding with one another, could not have been prevented by a voter ID law.[60]
  • In the 1982 Illinois elections, there were 62 indictments and 58 convictions for election fraud, many involving precinct captains and election officials. A grand jury concluded that 100,000 fraudulent votes had been cast in Chicago. Authorities found fraud involving vote buying and ballots cast by others in the names of registered voters.[61] The case was prosecuted in November 1982 by US Attorney Dan K. Webb.[62][63]
  • In the 1987 Chicago mayoral election, two reviews conducted by the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners and an election watchdog group headed by former U.S. Attorney Dan K. Webb found that tens of thousands of ballots were fraudulently cast in the Democratic primary.[64][65]
  • In the 1993 Hialeah, Florida mayoral election, a judge ruled that so many ballots had been cast from a retirement home housing schizophrenics and drug addicts that the election had to be re-run.[66]
  • In the 1994 Pennsylvania State Senate elections, a federal judge invalidated a race in Philadelphia after finding that the Democratic candidate, William G. Stinson, had stolen the election through absentee ballot fraud. The fraud involved hundreds of residents being encouraged to vote absentee without a legal justification.[5]
  • In the 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in California, an investigation by the House Oversight Committee found that 624 non-citizens had voted in the 46th district race between Bob Dornan and Loretta Sanchez. The race was ultimately decided by 979 votes, so it did not affect the result.[67]
  • In the 1997 Miami mayoral election, the result was invalidated by a judge who cited "a pattern of fraudulent, intentional and criminal conduct" in the casting of absentee ballots.[6]

21st century

Donald Trump voter fraud claims

2016 presidential election

President Donald Trump claimed without evidence that between 3 and 5 million people cost him the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by voting illegally. He claimed that he narrowly lost to Hillary Clinton in 2016 in New Hampshire (and that Senator Kelly Ayotte also lost her bid for re-election in New Hampshire) because thousands of people were illegally bused there from Massachusetts.[75] There is no evidence to support Trump's claims, which the New Hampshire Attorney General's Office determined were unfounded.[76][77]

Trump claimed that "millions voted illegally in the election" based on "studies and evidence that people have presented him".[78] At that time, CNN reported that Trump had based his fraud voter claims on information from Gregg Phillips, VoteStand founder.[79][80] While members of Trump's cabinet and family were registered to vote in multiple states, this was considered to be oversight, not fraud.[81] In response to Trump's allegations, On February 10, Ellen L. Weintraub, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) Commissioner, requested that Trump provide evidence of the "thousands of felony criminal offenses under New Hampshire law".[82] In a CNN interview on February 12, Stephen Miller seemed to refer to the 2012 Pew Research Center (PEW) study[36] but was unable at that time to support claims of voter fraud as evidence.[83][75] There is no evidence to support Trump's assertion that there was substantial voter fraud in the 2016 election.

Voter fraud commission (2017)

Main article: Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity
President Trump signing the Executive Order establishing the Voter Fraud Commission

On May 11, 2017, Trump signed an executive order to establish a voter fraud commission to conduct an investigation into voter fraud.[84] He had announced his intention to create the commission on January 25.[78] The commission's chairman was Vice President Mike Pence with Kris Kobach as vice chairman.[84] Kobach, who is the Secretary of State of Kansas, calls for stricter voter ID laws in the United States.[85][86] Kobach claims there is a voter fraud crisis in the United States.[87][88][89][90][91] Trump's creation of the commission was criticized by voting rights advocates, scholars and experts, and newspaper editorial boards as a pretext for, and prelude to, voter suppression.[92][93][94][95][96]

In January 2018, Trump abruptly disbanded the commission,[97] which met only twice.[98] The commission found no evidence of widespread voter fraud in the United States.[97][98]

2020 presidential election

See also: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election, and Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election

During the 2020 presidential campaign, Trump indicated in Twitter posts, interviews and speeches that he might refuse to recognize the outcome of the election if he were defeated; Trump falsely suggested that the election would be rigged against him.[99][100][101] Trump repeatedly claimed that "the only way" he could lose would be if the election was "rigged" and repeatedly refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power after the election.[102][103] Trump also attacked mail-in voting throughout the campaign, falsely claiming that the practice contained high rates of fraud.[104][105][106] In September 2020, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray, a Trump appointee, testified under oath that the FBI has "not seen, historically, any kind of coordinated national voter fraud effort in a major election, whether it's by mail or otherwise."[107]

After most of the major news organizations declared Biden the President-elect on November 7,[108][109][110][111] Trump refused to accept his loss, declaring "this election is far from over" and alleging election fraud without providing evidence.[112] Multiple lawsuits alleging electoral fraud were filed by the Trump campaign, all of which were dismissed as having no merit.[113] Republican officials questioned the legitimacy of the election and aired conspiracy theories regarding various types of alleged fraud.[114][115] In early 2021, motivated by the claims of widespread voter fraud and the resulting legitimacy crisis among the Republican base, GOP lawmakers in a number of states initiated a push to make voting laws more restrictive.[116] At least four cases involving allegations of, and convictions for, voter fraud in favor of Donald Trump emerged in April 2021. In April 2021, Barry Morphew of Colorado admitted to FBI agents that he cast a ballot in November 2020 in favor of Trump in the name of his missing wife. In a further twist, in May 2021, he was charged with murdering his wife, who had disappeared in May 2020.[117] Also in April 2021, Bruce Bartman of Pennsylvania was convicted of voter fraud charges after he cast a ballot for Trump in the name of his dead mother. As of April 30, 2021, two other Pennsylvanians had criminal cases pending regarding accusations of voter fraud by casting illegal ballots for Donald Trump.[118]

Another case of voter fraud in favor of Donald Trump emerged from Nevada. In October 2021, Republican Donald Kirk Hartle of Nevada was charged with two felony counts of voter fraud, one for voting twice and one that he forged his deceased wife's name to vote with her ballot. Nevada law calls for all registered voters to receive a mail-in ballot. Election officials discovered that a ballot was received from the deceased but still registered Rosemarie Hartle. A few days after the election of November 2020, Donald Hartle told election investigators that his wife's ballot never came to the house. While Rosemary Hartle's ballot was illegally cast by a Republican, the story was used by Tucker Carlson on Fox News to support claims of voter fraud by Democrats.[119]

By 2021, there were 510 pending election fraud offenses against 43 defendants and 386 active election fraud investigations, in the state of Texas alone.[120]

Prevention

Voter ID laws

Main article: Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter ID laws by state, as of April 2022:
  Photo ID required (strict)
  Photo ID requested (non-strict)
  Non-photo ID required (strict)
  Non-photo ID requested (non-strict)
  No ID required to vote

In the United States, voter ID laws (laws requiring identification to vote) have been enacted in a number of Republican-controlled states since 2010 with the aim of preventing voter impersonation.[25][24] In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail).[121][122] Absentee voting fraud, for example, is not "deterred by ID laws".[24][123]

A 2015 article by University of Virginia Law School's Michael Gilbert in the Columbia Law Review contended that voter ID laws "increase the risk of vote fraud"[24] and "intentionally depress turnout by lawful voters".[24] Critics of voter ID laws have argued that voter impersonation is illogical from the perspective of the perpetrator, as if they are caught, they will face harsh criminal penalties, including up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000 for citizens and possible deportation for non-citizens. Even if they are not caught, they will have cast only one vote for their candidate.[25]

A 2017 study in The Journal of Politics found that strict voter ID laws have a "differentially negative impact" on the turnout of racial and ethnic minorities.[124] The results of this study were challenged in a paper by Stanford political scientist Justin Grimmer and four other political scientists.[125] The paper says that the findings in the aforementioned study "a product of data inaccuracies, the presented evidence does not support the stated conclusion, and alternative model specifications produce highly variable results. When errors are corrected, one can recover positive, negative, or null estimates of the effect of voter ID laws on turnout, precluding firm conclusions."[125] In a response, the authors of the original study dismissed the aforementioned criticisms, and stood by the findings of the original article.[126] Columbia University statistician and political scientist Andrew Gelman said that the response by the authors of the original study "did not seem convincing" and that the finding of racial discrepancies in the original study does not stand.[127]

The strictest voter ID law in the United States is Senate Bill 14, which was signed by the Governor of Texas Rick Perry in 2011 and came into effect on January 1, 2012, although it was blocked a few months later. It was reinstated in 2013, but was later found to be discriminatory against minorities in a July 2015 U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling.[128] A lower court was required to develop a fix for the law before the November 2016 elections.[129] Jeff Sessions dropped challenges against Senate Bill 14 early in his tenure at the Department of Justice.[130]

Proof of citizenship

In July 2024, the United States House of Representatives passed the Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act (SAVE Act), which would mandate that Americans show proof of citizenship when voting. It is considered unlikely to become law due to opposition from the Democratic Party.[131]

Signature verification

Further information: Postal voting in the United States § Signature verification process

Most states check signatures to attempt to prevent forged paper ballots. Signature mismatches were the most common reason for rejecting mail-in ballots in 2016[132] and the second most common, after late arrival, in 2018.[133] As of 2020, eighteen states do not verify mail-in ballot signatures.[134] The other 32 states verify if the signature matches one on file, and some of these states require witnesses or notaries.[135][136]

References

  1. ^ a b c Kessler, Glenn (November 1, 2022). "The truth about election fraud: It's rare". Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  2. ^ "Re-examining how and why voter fraud is exceedingly rare in the U.S. ahead of the 2022 midterms". Reuters. June 2, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  3. ^ Karalunas, Lauren Miller; Kinsella, Martha; Friel, Katie; Wilder, Will; Danetz, Lisa; Morales-Doyle, Sean; Waldman, Michael; Waldman, Michael; Clapman, Alice (July 25, 2019). "The Myth of Voter Fraud". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  4. ^ Blakemore, Erin (November 11, 2020). "Voter fraud used to be rampant. Now it's an anomaly". History. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Vote-Fraud Ruling Shifts Pennsylvania Senate". The New York Times. February 19, 1994. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Navarro, Mireya (March 5, 1998). "Fraud Ruling Invalidates Miami Mayoral Election". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Nierenberg, Amelia (January 21, 2024). "Election Fraud Is Rare. Except, Maybe, in Bridgeport, Conn". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  8. ^ Edlin, Ruby; Norden, Lawrence; Garber, Andrew; Hasan, Shanze; Clapman, Alice; Panditharatne, Mekela (May 3, 2023). "The Election Deniers' Playbook for 2024". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  9. ^ a b Booker, Cory (August 18, 2015). "Lightning strikes more common in Texas than in-person voter fraud, says Cory Booker". Politifact. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  10. ^ a b Bump, Philip (October 13, 2014). "The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud". The Washington Post The Fix blog. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  11. ^ Levitt, Justin (August 6, 2014). "A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ "Debunking the Voter Fraud Myth" (PDF). Brennan Center. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  13. ^ Liptak, Adam (October 7, 2012). "As More Vote by Mail, Faulty Ballots Could Impact Elections". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  14. ^ a b Charles Stewart III; Amber McReynolds (April 28, 2020). "Let's put the vote-by-mail 'fraud' myth to rest". The Hill. Retrieved July 28, 2020 – via MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences.
  15. ^ a b Viebeck, Elise (June 8, 2020). "Minuscule number of potentially fraudulent ballots in states with universal mail voting undercuts Trump claims about election risks". Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  16. ^ "In Wisconsin, ID law proved insurmountable for many voters". Associated Press. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  17. ^ Liptak, Adam (March 23, 2015). "Wisconsin Decides Not to Enforce Voter ID Law". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  18. ^ "Despite Court Ruling, Voting Rights Fight Continues In North Carolina". NPR. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  19. ^ "Trump's Bogus Voter Fraud Claims - FactCheck.org". FactCheck.org. October 19, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  20. ^ Ali Vitali; Peter Alexander; Kelly O'Donnell (May 11, 2017). "Trump establishes vote fraud commission". CNBC. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  21. ^ "Trump voter fraud claim was '800lb gorilla in jury box' at Texas trial". The Guardian. Associated Press. February 11, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  22. ^ Jill Colvin (October 18, 2016). "Trump wrongly insists voter fraud is 'very, very common'; Donald Trump is insisting voter fraud does, indeed, pose a significant threat to the integrity of the U.S. electoral system". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  23. ^ a b ""The fact is voter fraud is rampant.": Light a match to Greg Abbott's ridiculous claim about 'rampant voter fraud'". Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d e Gilbert, Michael D. (September 5, 2014). "The Problem of Voter Fraud". Columbia Law Review. 115 (3): 739–75.Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2014-56; Virginia Law and Economics Research Paper No. 2014-15.
  25. ^ a b c Bingham, Amy (September 12, 2012). "Voter Fraud: Non-Existent Problem or Election-Threatening Epidemic?". ABC News. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  26. ^ "Report: Voter impersonation a rarity". UPI. August 12, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  27. ^ Davis, Janel (September 19, 2012). "In-person voter fraud 'a very rare phenomenon'". Politifact. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  28. ^ Hood, M. V.; Gillespie, William (March 2012). "They Just Do Not Vote Like They Used To: A Methodology to Empirically Assess Election Fraud". Social Science Quarterly. 93 (1): 76–94. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00837.x.
  29. ^ Reilly, Ryan (April 29, 2014). "In-Person Voter Fraud Is Virtually Nonexistent, Federal Judge Rules". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  30. ^ Levitt, Justin (August 6, 2014). "A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  31. ^ Bump, Philip (October 13, 2014). "The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  32. ^ Ahlquist, John S.; Mayer, Kenneth R.; Jackman, Simon (December 1, 2014). "Alien Abduction and Voter Impersonation in the 2012 U.S. General Election: Evidence from a Survey List Experiment". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 13 (4): 460–475. doi:10.1089/elj.2013.0231.
  33. ^ Edge, Sami (August 21, 2016). "A review of key states with Voter ID laws found no voter impersonation fraud". Center for Public Integrity.
  34. ^ Pam Fessler (February 14, 2012). "Study: 1.8 Million Dead People Still Registered to Vote". NPR. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  35. ^ a b Lauren Carroll (January 25, 2017). "Sean Spicer wrongly uses Pew study to bolster claim that non-citizens vote in large numbers". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  36. ^ a b Kate Kelly (February 2012). "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade" (PDF). Washington: Pew Research Center. p. 12. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  37. ^ Cassidy, Christina (October 25, 2016). "AP Fact Check: Voter registration problems do not make system vulnerable to widespread fraud". Business Insider.
  38. ^ Cergol, Greg (October 31, 2013). "More Than 200 Dead People Shown to Have Voted in NY County Elections: Report". WNBC. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  39. ^ "Analysis: 100s of dead LIers voted in Nassau". Newsday.
  40. ^ Foley, Edward B. "Why Vote-by-Mail Could be a Legal Nightmare in November". Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  41. ^ "Who Can Vote? – A News21 2012 National Project". Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  42. ^ Kahn, Natasha and Corbin Carson. "Investigation: election day fraud "virtually nonexistent"". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  43. ^ Young, Ashley (September 23, 2016). "A Complete Guide To Early And Absentee Voting". Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  44. ^ a b c Farley, Robert (April 10, 2020). "Trump's Latest Voter Fraud Misinformation". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  45. ^ Parton, Jon (July 13, 2024). "Judge Strikes Down Kansas Voter ID Law, Sanctions Kris Kobach". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  46. ^ Robinson, Julie A. (June 18, 2018). "Findings of fact and conclusions of law in Fish v. Kobach, Case No. 16-2105-JAR-JPO, and Bednasek and Kobach, Case No. 15-9300-JAR-JPO (published 2018-06-18 with corrections 2018-06-19)" (PDF). US District Court for the District of Kansas. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  47. ^ Kessler, Glenn (March 6, 2024). "The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections". Washington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  48. ^ Richman, Jesse (October 24, 2014). "Washington Post: Could non-citizens decide the November election?". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  49. ^ Richman, Jesse T.; Chattha, Gulshan A.; Earnest, David C. (December 1, 2014). "Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections?". Electoral Studies. 36: 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.001.
  50. ^ Hiltzik, Michael (October 31, 2014). "Today's voting freakout: noncitizens are coming to steal your election". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  51. ^ Bump, Philip (October 27, 2014). "Methodological challenges affect study of non-citizens' voting". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  52. ^ a b c Ansolabehere, Stephen; Luks, Samantha; Schaffner, Brian F. (December 2015). "The perils of cherry picking low frequency events in large sample surveys". Electoral Studies. 40: 409–10. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.07.002.
  53. ^ a b "Trump's Claims About Illegal Votes Are Nonsense. I Debunked the Study He Cites as 'Evidence.'". Politico Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  54. ^ a b Cohn, Nate (January 26, 2017). "Illegal Voting Claims, and Why They Don't Hold Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  55. ^ Zeitz, Josh (January 27, 2021). "Worried About a Rigged Election? Here's One Way to Handle It". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  56. ^ Fund, John (July 13, 2010). "Felons for Franken". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  57. ^ "Reality Check: Is The Election Rigged?". CBS Minnesota. October 18, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  58. ^ Tolchin, Martin (February 11, 1990). "How Johnson Won Election He'd Lost". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  59. ^ "BROOKLYN GRAND JURY FINDS FRAUD IN 8 PRIMARIES". The New York Times. September 5, 1984. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  60. ^ Mayer, Jane (October 29, 2012). "The Voter-Fraud Myth". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  61. ^ "Despite Trump claim, officials say technology means vote fraud thing of past". Chicago Tribune.
  62. ^ "Election fraud Chicago style: Illinois' decades-old notoriety for election corruption is legendary". Salon. February 14, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  63. ^ "Report of the Special January 1982 Grand Jury" (PDF). United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. December 14, 1984.
  64. ^ "2 REVIEWS BARE UP TO 100,000 IRREGULARITIES". Chicago Tribune. March 8, 1987. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  65. ^ "'MASSIVE' FRAUD REPORTED DURING CHICAGO PRIMARY". Washington Post. March 9, 1987. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  66. ^ a b Chapman, Tim (October 28, 2016). "You can't keep up with South Florida voter fraud without a scorecard". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  67. ^ "Proof Of Illegal Voters Falls Short, Keeping Sanchez In House". CNN. February 13, 1998. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  68. ^ "Court orders new election in E. Chicago". Chicago Tribune. August 7, 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  69. ^ "Ex-selectman pleads guilty to 2012 election fraud". AP News. August 6, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  70. ^ Boughton, Melissa (August 14, 2018). "Five of 12 Alamance residents charged with voter fraud take plea deals to lesser crimes • NC Newsline". NC Newsline. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  71. ^ HudspethBlackburn, Piper; Pathe, Simone (March 26, 2024). "Republican at center of 2018 ballot fraud scandal wins House primary in North Carolina". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  72. ^ Brummer, Sheila (April 2, 2024). "The wife of a Woodbury County supervisor convicted of voter fraud is sentenced to four months in prison". Iowa Public Radio. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  73. ^ "Woman Arrested for Voter Fraud Scheme". www.justice.gov. January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  74. ^ Cross, Ian (August 28, 2023). "'The poster child for voter fraud' gets 3-year prison sentence for voting twice in 2020, 2022 elections". News 5 Cleveland WEWS. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  75. ^ a b Maxwell Tani (February 12, 2017). "'You have provided absolutely no evidence': Stephanopoulos grills Trump adviser in a testy interview about voter fraud". Business Insider. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  76. ^ Farley, Robert (February 14, 2017). "No Evidence of Busing Voters to N.H." FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania.
  77. ^ "Attorney general's office: No evidence out-of-state voters bused into New Hampshire". Concord Monitor. May 29, 2018.
  78. ^ a b "Trump plans 'major investigation into voter fraud' amid groundless claims". The Guardian. January 25, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  79. ^ Ryan, Josiah (January 27, 2017). "Trump-cited study author (still) refuses to show proof of voter fraud". CNN. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  80. ^ Lopez, German (January 25, 2017). "It's official: Trump is taking his voter fraud myth to the White House — with real consequences". Vox. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  81. ^ Gabrielle Levy (January 19, 2017). "Tiffany Trump, Steve Bannon, Steven Mnuchin Registered to Vote in Multiple States". U.S. News & World Report.
  82. ^ Ellen L. Weintraub (February 10, 2017). "Statement of Commissioner Ellen L. Weintraub Regarding Allegations by the President of the United States of Widespread Voter Fraud in New Hampshire" (PDF). Washington: Federal Election Commission (FEC). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  83. ^ Eli Watkins (February 10, 2017). "FEC commissioner asks Trump for voter fraud evidence". Washington: CNN. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  84. ^ a b Nelson, Louis (May 11, 2017). "Trump signs executive order creating voter fraud commission". Politico. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  85. ^ "Immigration hardliner says Trump team preparing plans for wall, mulling Muslim registry". Reuters. November 16, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  86. ^ "Trump's immigration whisperer". Politico. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  87. ^ "Stephen Miller's bushels of Pinocchios for false voter-fraud claims". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  88. ^ "Dick Morris: There's proof that over 1 million people voted twice in 2012". @politifact. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  89. ^ "Kobach warns that noncitizens could tip election". Kansas. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  90. ^ "Kris Kobach agrees with Donald Trump that 'millions' voted illegally but offers no evidence". kansascity. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  91. ^ "The conservative gladiator from Kansas behind restrictive voting laws". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  92. ^ "Trump's voter-fraud commission itself is a fraud". The Washington Post. July 18, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017, "...In fact, the real fraud is the commission itself...."
  93. ^ Miles Rapoport on the Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity, Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (May 30, 2017): "President Trump's decision to establish a panel to study voter fraud and suppression, the Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity, has been roundly criticized by voter rights advocates and Democrats." ... [Miles Rapoport, Senior Democracy Practice Fellow Ash Center]: "There are a number of really serious problems with the Commission as it has been announced and conceptualized, which have led many people to say that its conclusions are pre-determined and that it will be used as an excuse for new efforts to restrict access to voting."
  94. ^ Michael Waldman, Donald Trump Tells His Voter Fraud Panel: Find Me 'Something', Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law (July 20, 2017) (also republished at The Daily Beast): "The panel was created to justify one of the more outlandish presidential fibs ... After Trump was roundly mocked for his claim of 3 to 5 million illegal voters, the panel was launched in an effort to try to rustle up some evidence—any evidence—for the charge.... The purpose of the panel is not just to try to justify his laughable claims of millions of invisible illegal voters. It aims to stir fears, to lay the ground for new efforts to restrict voting. Trump's claims, after all, are just a cartoon version of the groundless arguments already used to justify restrictive voting laws."
  95. ^ Mark Berman & David Weigel, Trump’s voting commission asked states to hand over election data. Some are pushing back., Washington Post (June 30, 2017): "Experts described the request as ... a recipe for potential voter suppression.... 'This is an attempt on a grand scale to purport to match voter rolls with other information in an apparent effort to try and show that the voter rolls are inaccurate and use that as a pretext to pass legislation that will make it harder for people to register to vote,' said Rick Hasen, an election-law expert at the University of California, Irvine. Hasen said he has "no confidence" in whatever results the committee produces. He said the commission and its request create a number of concerns, including that it is an election group created by one candidate for office—Trump, who already is campaigning for reelection—and headed by Pence, another political candidate. 'It's just a recipe for a biased and unfair report,' Hasen said. "And it's completely different from the way that every other post-election commission has been done."
  96. ^ Max Greenwood, Newspapers rip Trump voter fraud panel in July Fourth editorials, The Hill (July 4, 2017).
  97. ^ a b Michael Tackett & Michael Wines, Trump Disbands Commission on Voter Fraud, New York Times (January 3, 2018).
  98. ^ a b Marina Villeneuve, Report: Trump commission did not find widespread voter fraud, Associated Press (August 3, 2018).
  99. ^ Bertrand, Natasha; Samuelsohn, Darren. "What if Trump won't accept 2020 defeat?". Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  100. ^ Gessen, Masha. "What Could Happen If Donald Trump Rejects Electoral Defeat?". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  101. ^ "Trump's false claims of rigged voting are 'a perilous thing,' says top Republican expert". Yahoo news. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  102. ^ "US election: Trump won't commit to peaceful transfer of power". BBC News. September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  103. ^ Choi, Matthew. "Trump declines to commit to a peaceful transition of power after election". Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  104. ^ Kiely, Eugene; Rieder, Rem (September 25, 2020). "Trump's Repeated False Attacks on Mail-In Ballots". FactCheck.org. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  105. ^ "Here's the reality behind Trump's claims about mail voting". Associated Press. September 30, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  106. ^ "Ignoring FBI And Fellow Republicans, Trump Continues Assault On Mail-In Voting". NPR. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  107. ^ Chris Cillizza. "Analysis: The FBI director just totally shut down Donald Trump's vote-fraud conspiracy". CNN. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  108. ^ Steinhauser, Paul (November 7, 2020). "Biden wins presidency, Trump denied second term in White House, Fox News projects". Fox News. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  109. ^ Stephen Collinson; Maeve Reston. "Biden defeats Trump in an election he made about character of the nation and the President". CNN. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  110. ^ Baragona, Justin (December 14, 2020). "Newsmax Finally Admits Joe Biden Won the Election". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  111. ^ "Biden defeats Trump for White House, says 'time to heal'". Associated Press. November 7, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  112. ^ King, Ledyard; Fritze, John (November 7, 2020). "Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani says Trump won't concede, revives baseless claims of voter fraud". USA Today. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  113. ^ Davis, Tina (November 7, 2020). "Trump's Election Lawsuits: Where the Fights Are Playing Out". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  114. ^ Rubin, Jennifer. "Opinion | Republicans are still pretending there was election fraud". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  115. ^ Saletan, William (December 18, 2020). "Republicans Are Manufacturing a Legitimacy Crisis". Slate. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  116. ^ Wines, Michael (February 27, 2021). "In Statehouses, Stolen-Election Myth Fuels a G.O.P. Drive to Rewrite Rules". The New York Times.
  117. ^ Hannah Knowles; Paulina Villegas (May 15, 2021). "Man charged with wife's murder illegally cast her ballot for Trump, officials say: 'I just thought, give him another vote'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  118. ^ Vinny Vella (April 30, 2021). "A Delaware County man admitted he cast an illegal ballot for ex-President Trump and gets sentenced to probation". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  119. ^ Amy B Wang (October 22, 2021). "Nevada Republican who claimed someone stole dead wife's ballot is charged with voter fraud". The Washington Post.
  120. ^ Blankley, Bethany. "AG Paxton: More than 500 election fraud cases pending in Texas courts". The Center Square. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  121. ^ "Absentee and Early Voting". National Conference of State Legislatures. March 20, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  122. ^ Bill Bradbury (January 1, 2005). "Vote-by-Mail: The Real Winner Is Democracy". The Washington Post.
  123. ^ "Oppose Voter ID Legislation - Fact Sheet". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  124. ^ Hajnal, Zoltan; Lajevardi, Nazita; Nielson, Lindsay (January 5, 2017). "Voter Identification Laws and the Suppression of Minority Votes". The Journal of Politics. 79 (2): 363–379. doi:10.1086/688343. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 20943777.
  125. ^ a b Grimmer, Justin; Hersh, Eitan; Meredith, Marc; Mummolo, Jonathan; Nall, Clayton (April 18, 2018). "Obstacles to Estimating Voter ID Laws' Effect on Turnout". The Journal of Politics. 80 (3): 1045–1051. doi:10.1086/696618. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 158764888.
  126. ^ Hajnal, Zoltan; Kuk, John; Lajevardi, Nazita (April 18, 2018). "We All Agree: Strict Voter ID Laws Disproportionately Burden Minorities". The Journal of Politics. 80 (3): 1052–1059. doi:10.1086/696617. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 158480092.
  127. ^ Gelman, Andrew (June 11, 2018). "Analysis | A new controversy erupts over whether voter identification laws suppress minority turnout". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  128. ^ Malewitz, Jim (August 5, 2015). "Court: Texas Voter ID Law Violates Voting Rights Act: Texas' four-year-old voter ID law violates the Voting Rights Act but is not a "poll tax" barred under the U.S. Constitution, a federal appeals court has ruled". Texas Tribune. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  129. ^ Barnes, Robert (July 20, 2016). "Appeals court says Texas voter-ID law discriminates against minorities". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  130. ^ Tesfaye, Sophia (February 27, 2017). "Jeff Sessions drops DOJ lawsuit against discriminatory Texas voter ID case, reverses 6 years of litigation: The Department of Justice plans to abandon its claim that Texas GOP lawmakers targeted voters of color". Salon. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  131. ^ Morin, Rebecca (July 11, 2024). "House pass bill to block noncitizens from voting". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  132. ^ Cite error: The named reference eac16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  133. ^ Cite error: The named reference eac18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  134. ^ Buchanan, Larry; Parlapiano, Alicia (October 7, 2020). "Two of These Mail Ballot Signatures Are by the Same Person. Which Ones?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  135. ^ "Verification of Absentee Ballots". www.ncsl.org. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  136. ^ Specht, Paul. "NC absentee ballots require 2 witnesses. Is that unique?". PolitiFact. Poynter Institute. Retrieved May 12, 2020.


Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud_in_the_United_States"